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. 2021 Mar 30;10:e63026. doi: 10.7554/eLife.63026

Figure 5. Pharmacologic inhibition of mRNA translation prevents all-trans retinoic acid (atRA)-induced synaptic plasticity in human cortical slices.

Figure 5.

(A, B) Group data (A) of AMPA receptor-mediated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and cumulative distribution (B) of sEPSC amplitudes recorded from superficial (layer 2/3) pyramidal neurons in adult human cortical slices treated with atRA (1 µM, 6–10 hr) or vehicle-only in the presence of anisomycin (10 µM; ncontrol = 20 cells, natRA = 16 cells in three independent experiments; Mann–Whitney test for column statistics; RM two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons for statistical evaluation of cumulative sEPSC amplitude distribution). (C, D) Spine head sizes (C) and synaptopodin cluster sizes (D) in human cortical slices treated with atRA or vehicle-only in the presence of anisomycin (c.f., Figure 2F,G; synaptopodin-positive spines: ncontrol = 175, natRA = 88; synaptopodin-negative spines: ncontrol = 69, natRA = 88, 1–11 segments per sample in three independent experiments; Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons for spine head size and Mann–Whitney test for synaptopodin cluster size). Individual data points are indicated by gray dots. Values represent mean ± s.e.m. (ns, non-significant difference, ***p<0.001).