FIGURE 4.

Forest plot with subgroup analysis of the effect of early-life nutrition interventions on long-term total cholesterol concentration (millimoles per liter). Study identification: last name of the first author and publication year, followed by reference number, country (or region if multisite study), and the duration of follow-up (in years). Different articles by the same author and in the same year are distinguished by a (or b). Hawkesworth et al. (21): the first trial in the article (protein-energy supplementation) was included in this analysis. Macleod et al. (23): the first arm of the intervention was included in this analysis (protein, carbohydrate, and vitamin compared with vitamin only). Ekström et al. (28): the second trial (multiple micronutrient supplementation compared with iron and folic acid supplementation) was included in this analysis. “Other” denotes other interventions (in this case, probiotics). IYCF, infant and young child feeding; LCPUFA, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation; MD, mean difference; MMS, multiple-micronutrient supplementation.