Appendix 1:

Author affiliations and contributions

Author	Location	Contribution
Shana D. Stites	University of Pennsylvania	Designed the study, performed statistical analysis, drafted and edited the manuscript, approved the final manuscript
R. Scott Turner	Georgetown University	Designed the study, edited the manuscript, approved the final manuscript
Jeanine Gill	University of Pennsylvania	Assisted with statistical analysis, edited the manuscript
Anna Gurian	University of Pennsylvania	Conducted the literature review, edited the manuscript
Jason Karlawish	University of Pennsylvania	Designed the study, edited the manuscript, approved the final manuscript
Joshua D. Grill	University of California, Irvine	Designed the study, edited the manuscript, approved the final manuscript