Table 4.
Associations of LIWC speech features with EE and EE subtypes
| EE | Criticism | EOI | Warmth | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speech features | Definition or example words | ||||
| Adjectives | Descriptor of nouns | −0.20 | |||
| Adverb | Descriptor of verbs | −0.18 | |||
| Affect words | Category of words that include positive and negative emotions | 0.21 | 0.22 | ||
| Affiliation | “ally,” “friend,” “social” | 0.18 | |||
| Anger | “hate,” “kill,” “annoyed” | 0.22 | 0.41 | ||
| Anxiety | “worried,” “fearful” | 0.05 | −0.23 | ||
| Authentic | LIWC summary feature | −0.18 | |||
| Auxiliary verbs | “am,” “will,” “have” | 0.26 | |||
| Biological processes | “eat,” “blood,” “pain” | 0.24 | |||
| Body | “cheek,” “hands,” “spit” | −0.22 | |||
| Differentiation | “hasn’t,” “but,” “else” | 0.18 | |||
| Female references | “girl”, “her”, “mom” | −0.18 | |||
| Filler | “I mean,” “you know” | 0.14 | |||
| Function words | Word category that includes pronouns | 0.14 | 0.19 | ||
| Home | “kitchen,” “landlord” | 0.23 | |||
| Informal language | Word category that includes swear words, netspeak (e.g., lol), assent, nonfluencies, and fillers | −0.29 | −0.20 | −0.27 | |
| Ingest | “dish,” “eat,” “pizza” | 0.20 | |||
| Insight | “think,” “know” | −0.22 | −0.17 | ||
| Male references | “boy,” “his,” “dad” | 0.27 | 0.20 | 0.19 | |
| Negate | “no,” “not,” “never” | 0.20 | −0.25 | ||
| Negative emotion | Word category that includes anxiety, anger, and sadness words | 0.21 | 0.25 | −0.27 | |
| Nonfluencies | “er,” “hm,” “um” | −0.28 | −0.19 | −0.24 | 0.02 |
| Perceptual processes | “look,” “heard,” “feeling” | 0.31 | |||
| Personal pronouns | “I”, “we,” you,” “she/he,” “they” | 0.23 | |||
| Positive emotion | “love,” “nice,” “sweet” | 0.18 | 0.10 | ||
| Relativity | “area”, “bend,” “exit” | 0.03 | |||
| Risk | “danger,” “doubt” | 0.18 | |||
| See | “view,” “saw,” “seen” | 0.19 | 0.28 | ||
| Six-letter words | Words with 6 (or more) letters | −0.17 | |||
| Social processes | Word category that includes family, friends, and male/female referent words | 0.20 | |||
| Space | “down,” “in,” “thin” | 0.21 | |||
| Tentative | “maybe,” “perhaps” | 0.28 | −0.22 | ||
| Third-person singular | “she,” “he” | 0.22 | |||
| Tone (emotional) | LIWC summary feature | −0.19 | 0.22 | ||
| Verbs | Word that describes action or occurrence | 0.19 | |||
| Word count | Number of words in speech sample | 0.20 |
Values represent Spearman correlations between EE (or EE subtype) and LIWC speech features. All values that are greater than the absolute value of 0.17 are significant at p<0.05. Bolded features represent those used in final SVM classification.