Figure 1: Selection of the Study Population.

*Nephrotoxic antibiotics administered during hospital stay include: Imipenem/Cilastatin, Tigacycline, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Aminoglycosides, Nafcillin, Acyclovir. AKI=acute kidney injury; CABG=coronary artery bypass grafting surgery; CPB=cardiopulmonary bypass; CUF=conventional ultrafiltration; ECMO=extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ESRD=end-stage renal disease; HCA=hypothermic circulatory arrest; IABP=intra-aortic balloon pump.