Table 3.
The effect of MDD vs. Normal Control on depression severity, self-esteem, and stress response
| Pre-Exposure | Post-Exposure | Change from Pre to Post | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome and Group | LSM (SE ) | 95% CI | F Statistic | p-value | LSM (SE ) | 95% CI | F Statistic | p-value | LSM (SE ) | 95% CI | F Statistic | p-value |
| QIDS-A17-SRa | ||||||||||||
| MDD | 13.81 (0.88) | 12.04 to 15.59 | 12.61 (1.06) | 10.49 to 14.73 | −1.20 (0.43) | −2.07 to −0.32 | F(1,58)=7.53 | 0.0081 | ||||
| Normal Control | 4.41 (0.71) | 2.98 to 5.85 | 3.95 (0.68) | 2.57 to 5.32 | −0.46 (0.19) | −0.86 to −0.06 | F(1,58)=5.47 | 0.0228 | ||||
| LSM Group Difference | 9.39 (1.28) | 6.82 to 11.96 | F(1,58)=53.53 | 0.0001 | 8.66 (1.39) | 5.86 to 11.46 | F(1,58)=38.38 | 0.0001 | ||||
| Self-Esteemb | ||||||||||||
| MDD | 22.73 (1.07) | 20.58 to 24.88 | 23.80 (1.14) | 21.52 to 26.08 | 1.06 (0.58) | −0.10 to 2.24 | F(1,58)=3.30 | 0.0744 | ||||
| Normal Control | 33.69 (0.89) | 31.91 to 35.47 | 33.89 (0.79) | 32.31 to 35.48 | 0.20 (0.44) | −0.68 to 1.08 | F(1,58)=0.21 | 0.6511 | ||||
| LSM Group Difference | −10.96 (1.55) | −14.06 to −7.85 | F(1,58)=49.95 | 0.0001 | −10.09 (1.53) | −13.16 to −7.02 | F(1,58)=43.40 | 0.0001 | ||||
| Cortisolc | ||||||||||||
| MDD | 0.16 (0.01) | 0.13 to 0.19 | 0.22 (0.02) | 0.17 to 0.27 | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.02 to 0.10 | F(1,56)=8.49 | 0.0051 | ||||
| Normal Control | 0.18 (0.02) | 0.13 to 0.22 | 0.17 (0.02) | 0.12 to 0.21 | −0.01 (0.30) | −0.03 to 0.01 | F(1,56)=0.46 | 0.5013 | ||||
| LSM Group Difference | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.07 to 0.04 | F(1,56)=0.32 | 0.5739 | 0.05 (0.03) | −0.01 to 0.12 | F(1,56)=2.31 | 0.1343 | ||||
| Amylased | ||||||||||||
| MDD | 154.02 (24.07) | 105.80 to 202.24 | 192.60 (27.79) | 136.93 to 248.27 | 38.58 (13.92) | 10.68 to 66.47 | F(1,56)=7.68 | 0.0076 | ||||
| Normal Control | 203.49 (23.77) | 155.86 to 251.11 | 211.32 (22.41) | 166.41 to 256.23 | 7.83 (8.85) | −9.89 to 25.56 | F(1,56)=0.78 | 0.3798 | ||||
| LSM Group Difference | −49.46 (35.75) | −121.08 to 22.14 | F(1,56)=1.91 | 0.1719 | −18.72 (33.24) | −85.31 to 47.87 | F(1,56)=0.32 | 0.5756 | ||||
Note. LSM = Least Squares Mean Estimate adjusted for age, sex, pre-exposure social media addiction score, and pre-exposure cyberbullying score; SE = Standard Error; LSM Group Difference = Difference of LSM estimates (MDD vs. normal control); 95% CI = 95% Confidence Interval for the group LSM estimate; p-value = associated with the test (F-statistic) of the LSM group difference at pre-exposure and at post-exposure as well as the change from pre to post within each group; p-values were adjusted using the FDR and are reported in the results section.
Higher score equals greater depression severity;
Higher score equals greater self-esteem;
Higher cortisol levels (μg/dL) equals greater stress response;
Higher amylase levels (U/mL) equals greater stress response.