Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and changes in body weight and composition after 6-week CR and after 1-year follow-up.
| Total (n=11) | Individuals with high adjusted 24hEE (n=5) | Individuals with low adjusted 24hEE (n=6) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Male (%) | 8 (72.7) | 4 (80.0) | 4 (80.0) |
| Ethnicity | 5 CAU, 1 HIS, 5 NA | 4 CAU, 1 NA | 1 CAU, 1 HIS, 4 NA |
| Age (years) | 32 ± 9.3 (22.1, 47.3) | 32.4 ± 11.6 (22.1, 47.3) | 31.6 ± 8 (23.2, 40.5) |
| Height (cm) | 155.5 ± 52.3 (1.7, 190) | 141.7 ± 78.8 (1.7, 190) | 167 ± 12.2 (151, 184) |
| Anthropometrics | |||
| Body weight (kg) | 112.9 ± 23.5 (81.6, 162.9) | 117.7 ± 29.3 (81.6, 162.9) | 108.9 ± 19.3 (85.1, 131.7) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 39 ± 8.7 (28.9, 57.4) | 38.8 ± 11.5 (28.9, 57.4) | 39.1 ± 6.7 (32.4, 49.6) |
| Body fat (%) | 36.1 ± 6.4 (26.6, 46.8) | 34.2 ± 7.8 (26.6, 46.8) | 37.6 ± 5.4 (32.1, 45.2) |
| FM (kg) | 40.8 ± 13.1 (29, 76.2) | 41.5 ± 19.8 (29, 76.2) | 40.2 ± 5.1 (36.2, 49.5) |
| FFM (kg) | 72.1 ± 14.9 (46.6, 86.7) | 76.2 ± 13.5 (52.5, 86.7) | 68.7 ± 16.3 (46.6, 82.2) |
| Energy expenditure measures during energy balance at baseline | |||
| 24hEE (kcal/day) | 2482 ± 468 (1657, 3211) | 2722 ± 449 (1987, 3211) | 2282 ± 415 (1657, 2673) |
| Adjusted 24hEE (kcal/day)1 | 2446 ± 150 (2232, 2653) | 2585 ± 58 (2495, 2653)* | 2331 ± 83 (2232, 2422)* |
| Food intake (kcal/day) | 2468 ± 540 (1516, 3154) | 2700 ± 420 (2009, 3154) | 2275 ± 586 (1516, 2755) |
| Energy balance (%) | 2.9 ± 19.7 (−27.4, 55.3) | 0.7 ± 2.3 (−1.4, 4.2) | 4.8 ± 27.6 (−27.4, 55.3) |
| Respiratory quotient (ratio) | 0.84 ± 0.04 (0.79, 0.92) | 0.81 ± 0.03 (0.79, 0.85)* | 0.87 ± 0.03 (0.83, 0.92)* |
| SPA (% of time) | 6.3 ± 4 (1.3, 12.2) | 5.8 ± 3.1 (3.3, 10.9) | 6.7 ± 4.9 (1.3, 12.2) |
| Change in weight and body composition after 6-week CR | |||
| Weight loss (kg) | −9.7 ± 3.8 (−12.4, −7.0) | −11.2 ± 2.6 (−14.4, −8.0) | −8.2 ± 4.5 (−13.8, −2.5) |
| Rate of weight loss (kg/day) | −0.19 ± 0.05 (−0.27, −0.11) | −0.21 ± 0.05 (−0.28, −0.15) | −0.18 ± 0.06 (−0.24, −0.12) |
| FM loss (kg)2 | −3.4 ± 1.2 (−5.6, −2.1) | −4.1 ± 1.2 (−5.6, −2.7)* | −2.7 ± 0.6 (−3.4, −2)* |
| FFM loss (kg)2 | −6.3 ± 3.6 (−11, −0.4) | −7.1 ± 3 (−10.8, −3.4) | −5.5 ± 4.2 (−10.8, −0.2) |
| Weight regain measures at 1 year follow-up after completing CR (n=10) | |||
| Weight regain (kg) | +5.7 ± 9.0 (−12.4, −7.0) | 13.8 ± 9.4 (−1.1, 28.8)* | 0.3 ± 2.6 (−2.4, 3.0)* |
| Rate of weight regain (kg/month) | 0.33 ± 0.73 (−0.52, 1.86) | 0.75 ± 0.88 (−0.35, 1.84) | −0.02 ± 0.33 (−0.37, 0.32) |
| FM regain (kg)3 | 0.7 ± 5 (−5.5, 10.9) | 4.8 ± 4.4 (−2.2, 11.7)* | −2.6 ± 2.4 (−5.5, 0.3)* |
| FFM regain (kg)3 | 5.6 ± 5.5 (0, 17.8) | 9.1 ± 6.5 (−1.3, 19.5) | 2.9 ± 2.8 (−0.5, 6.3) |
Baseline values are presented as mean ± SD for continuous variables or number (frequency) for categorical variables with minimum and maximum in parentheses. Changes in weight, FM, and FFM are presented as mean ± SD with 95% CI in parentheses.
Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the predictors of 24hEE using FFM and FM as independent variables. Adjusted 24hEE was calculated in all 11 subjects by adding their average unadjusted 24hEE to the residual values obtained by regression analysis.
Individuals with high/low 24hEE were arbitrarily defined as those with higher/lower-than-median (2446 kcal/day) adjusted 24hEE prior to CR, respectively. Unpaired t-test was used to compare between-group differences. Significant differences between both groups are denoted with (*).
Data available from n=10 subjects.
Data available from n=8 subjects.
24hEE, 24-h energy expenditure; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CR, caloric restriction; FM, fat mass; FFM, fat-free mass; SPA, spontaneous physical activity.