Fig. 4.

Representative microscopic images showing microvascular vessels inside bony callus as indicated by ECs immunostained with endomucin (dark brown) three weeks after fracture surgery (A). Adipocytes (*) were also observed. Original magnification = 20X, Scale bar = 100 μm. The total vessel number/callus area (B), total vessel area/callus area (C), and total vessel perimeter/callus area (D) were measured. Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n=5-7/group). *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, and ****p ≤ 0.0001.