. 2021 Mar 30;11:196. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01315-9

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics and scores of the behavioural measures of the participants who provided data for the present study, divided into outcome groups.

	noFH-noASD	FH-noASD	FH-ASD
N current study	40	72	19
Phase (1/2)	31/9	22/50	9/10
Sex (M/F)	16/24	34/38	15/4
Participants	Mean (s.d.) min–max	Mean (s.d.) min–max	Mean (s.d.) min–max	p-value	$η_{P}^{2}$
Age (days)	244.97 (40.65) 6–11	261.33 (36.66) 6–11	251.21 (31.64) 6–10	0.079	0.04
8 months
MSEL Composite score	106.33 (11.54) 86–132	103.15 (15.09) 70–134	100.17 (16.75) 77–139	0.285	0.02
VABS Composite score	100.67 (12.74)^a 78–130	93.51 (13.53)^a 66–150	92.72 (10.83) 71–113	0.015*	0.07
VABS Socialization score	103.23 (12.78) 81–132	98.85 (12.97) 70–152	98.22 (10.03) 81–118	0.175	0.03
VABS Communication score	101.88 (13.03)^a 66–123	94.75 (16.77)^a 55–143	94.84 (11.51) 70–112	0.048*	0.05
VABS Daily Living skills score	100.55 (15.25) 54–122	100.79 (13.63) 54–143	97.74 (13.51) 77–117	0.697	0.01
VABS Motor skills score	97.45 (14.11)^a,b 73–127	85.58 (16.19)^a 56–144	84.16 (13.69)^b 56–106	<0.001*	0.12
3 years
MSEL Composite score	115.50 (15.06)^a 80–147	108.35 (20.61)^b 63–145	92.39 (26.19)^a,b 49–142	0.001*	0.12
VABS Composite score	107.26 (9.17)^a,b 93–131	99.06 (9.15)^a,c 78–121	82.05 (11.74)^,b,c 57–100	<0.001*	0.41
VABS Socialization score	105.79 (7.11)^a,b 94–122	99.21 (9.51)^a,c 72–116	78.42 (12.49)^b,c 61–110	<0.001*	0.47
VABS Communication score	107.94 (11.05)^{a, b} 85–139	100.89 (10.79)^a,c 76–125	87.83 (15.12)^b,c 52–112	<0.001*	0.24
VABS Daily living skills score	70.76 (15.86)^a,b 27–96	60.54 (20.56)^a,c 16–95	27.00 (23.91)^b,c 1–90	<0.001*	0.34
VABS Motor skills score	101.65 (13.22)^a,b 61–124	93.33 (10.93)^a,c 70–124	85.26 (10.78)^b,c 64–100	<0.001*	0.12
ADOS-2 CSS	2.50 (1.86)^a 1–7	2.70 (2.12)^b 1–8	5.47 (2.99)^a,b 1–10	<0.001*	0.18

noFH-noASD no family history of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and no diagnosis at 3 years, FH-noASD family history without a diagnosis of ASD at 3 years, FH-ASD family history of ASD who received a diagnosis of ASD at 3 years, MSEL Mullen Scales of Early Learning, VABS Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales, ADOS2-CSS autism diagnostic observation schedule, 2^nd edition, with calibrated severity scores calculated as explained in SM1.

N: number of subjects with available scores; s.d.: standard deviation; p-value of the one-way ANOVA with outcome groups as between-subjects factor, for age, MSEL and VABS scores, and Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric test for ADOS scores.

$η_{p}^{2}$ : partial eta-squared as a measure of the effect size.

^a,b,cSuperscript letters denote that groups are significantly different from each other based on Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference post-hoc analyses with 95% family-wise confidence level for age, MSEL and VABS scores, and based on pairwise comparisons using Mann–Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons for ADOS-2 CSS.

*p < 0.05.