Table 3.

Simplified overview of input, effector, output, and clinical assessment for each functional group involved in deglutition (e.g. [109–111])

Functional group	Motor Input	Effector	Output
	Innervationa	(Main) Muscles	(Main) Actions in Deglutition
Masticatory	CN V	Lateral / Lateral pterygoid Masseter Temporalis	Mastication Closure oral cavity Mandible: raise
Facial	CN VII	Buccinator Orbicularis oris	Lip/mouth: seal Bolus: push towards teeth
Intrinsic tongue	CN XII	Inferior / Superior longitudinal Transverse Verticalis	Tongue: shorten – lengthen, narrow – broaden, tip up –down, concave – convex bow tongue Bolus: preparation, formation, positioning, transport
Extrinsic tongue	CN X	Palatoglossus	Tongue: protrude – retract, lower – raise Bolus: preparation, formation, positioning, transport Seal oral cavity
	CN XII	Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus
Suprahyoid	CN V	Anterior belly of digastric Mylohyoid	Hyoid: lower – raise, protract – retract, stabilize Mouth floor: stabilize, elongate Mandible: lower
	CN VII	Posterior belly of digastric Stylohyoid
	C1 [via CN XII]	Geniohyoid
Infrahyoid	C1 [via CN XII]	Thyrohyoid	Hyoid: lower, stabilize Mouth floor: stabilize, elongate Larynx: raise – lower, stabilize
	C1-C3 [via Ansa cervicalis CN XII]	Omohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid
Palatal	CN V	Tensor veli palatine	Soft palate: raise – retract, lower, brace, tense Oropharynx entrance: widen Posterior tongue: raise Uvula: raise Seal back of oral cavity from oropharynx Seal nasopharynx
	CN X	Levator veli palatin Palatoglossus
	CN XI [via CN X]	Uvular
Pharyngeal	CN IX	Stylopharyngeus	Palate: lower Pharynx: raise, shorten Larynx: raise Seal oral cavity Seal nasal cavity Narrow pharyngeal lumen Bolus: transport Oesophageal sphincter: most distal component (of pharyngo-oesophageal segment or PES)
	CN X	Palatopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus Superior / Middle / Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Laryngeal	CN X	Aryepiglottic Lateral / posterior cricoarytenoid Oblique / Transverse arytenoid Thyroarytenoid Thyroepiglottic	Vocal folds: adduct – open Arythenoids cartilages: approximate to epiglottis Epiglottis: lower Aryepiglottic foldsb

^aCranial Nerves: I Olfactory nerve, II Optic nerve, III Oculomotor nerve, IV Trochlear nerve, V Trigeminal nerve, VI Abducens nerve, VII Facial nerve, VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve, IX Glossopharyngeal nerve, X Vagus nerve, XI Accessory nerve, XII Hypoglossal nerve

^bLaryngeal sphincter function or squeeze: true vocal folds, false vocal folds, aryepiglottic folds