TABLE 3.
Four final multilevel models predicting markers of psychological distress.
| 1. Depression |
2. Anxiety |
3. Stress |
4. DASS-21 total |
|
| B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | B (SE) | |
| Individual-level variables | ||||
| Gender (female/male) | 0.175 (0.017)*** | 0.207 (0.019)*** | 0.288 (0.018)*** | 0.250 (0.018)** * |
| Age | −0.121 (0.009)*** | −0.101 (0.009)*** | −0.144 (0.009)*** | −0.137 (0.009)*** |
| Student status (yes/no) | −0.077 (0.008)** | −0.065 (0.024)** | −0.021 (0.008) | −0.059 (0.008)** |
| Economic status | 0.038 (0.008)*** | 0.046 (0.008)*** | 0.006 (0.008) | 0.031 (0.008)*** |
| Mental disorder diagnosis | −0.522 (0.029)*** | −0.642 (0.031)*** | −0.488 (0.030)*** | −0.604 (0.029)*** |
| ≥ 21 days mostly at home | 0.036 (0.019)* | 0.004 (0.020) | 0.015 (0.002) | −0.019 (0.019) |
| MCCS | −0.314 (0.008)*** | −0.128 (0.009)*** | −0.177 (0.009)*** | −0.234 (0.009)*** |
| Economic impact | 0.057 (0.008)*** | 0.023 (0.009)** | 0.038 (0.009)*** | 0.045 (0.008)*** |
| Physical health effects | 0.220 (0.008)*** | 0.234 (0.009)*** | 0.252 (0.009)*** | 0.261 (0.008)*** |
| Lifestyle changes | 0.106 (0.009)*** | 0.071 (0.009)*** | 0.146 (0.009)*** | 0.123 (0.009)*** |
| Adherence to confinement | −0.049 (0.009)*** | −0.058 (0.010)*** | −0.053 (0.009)*** | −0.059 (0.009)*** |
| Country-level variables | ||||
| Severity of the pandemic | 0.012 (0.050) | −0.055 (0.051) | 0.077 (0.052) | 0.018 (0.051) |
| GDP | 0.019 (0.046) | −0.049 (0.046) | −0.001 (0.047) | −0.012 (0.046) |
| Interactions | ||||
| Gender X MCCS | 0.037 (0.008)*** | 0.022 (0.008)** | 0.023 (0.008)** | 0.030 (0.008)*** |
| Age X MCCS | 0.021 (0.008)** | 0.003 (0.009) | −0.004 (0.008) | 0.005 (0.008) |
| Student status X MCCS | 0.001 (0.007) | 0.005 (0.009) | 0.001 (0.008) | −0.001 (0.008) |
| Economic status X MCCS | −0.034 (0.007)*** | −0.036 (0.008)*** | −0.019 (0.008)* | −0.032 (0.007)*** |
| Mental disorder diagnosis X MCCS | −0.030 (0.007)*** | −0.008 (0.007) | 0.003 (0.007) | −0.013 (0.007) |
| ≥ 21 days mostly at home X MCCS | −0.019 (0.008)* | −0.001 (0.008) | −0.004 (0.008) | −0.009 (0.008) |
| Economic impact X MCCS | −0.019 (0.008)* | −0.013 (0.009) | −0.006 (0.009) | −0.014 (0.009) |
| Physical health effects X MCCS | −0.030 (0.009)*** | −0.023 (0.009)* | −0.017 (0.009)* | −0.026 (0.009)** |
| Lifestyle changes X MCCS | −0.036 (0.009)*** | −0.012 (0.009) | −0.023 (0.009)* | −0.027 (0.009)** |
| Adherence to confinement X MCCS | −0.020 (0.008)** | 0.010 (0.008) | −0.003 (0.008) | −0.005 (0.008) |
| Covariance parameters | ||||
| Residual variance | 0.670 (0.009)*** | 0.780 (0.009)*** | 0.720 (0.009)*** | 0.681 (0.009)*** |
| Intercept variance | 0.027 (0.008)** | 0.029 (0.009)** | 0.030 (0.009)** | 0.029 (0.008)** |
| -2 log likelihood | 30072.723 | 31917.471 | 30956.135 | 30260.236 |
| χ2 (df) difference with null model (ML) | 4187.424 (23)*** | 2393.379 (23)*** | 3212.608 (23)*** | 3980.469 (23)*** |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. All coefficients are standardized. Each column represents a separate model. MCCS = Meaning-Centered Coping scale.