Table 2.
Baseline values and the mean within-group changes at weeks 6 and 12 for total dietary energy and macronutrient intake and relative protein intake based on each meal according to randomized allocation.
| DM (n = 8) | EX+DM (n = 9) | EX (n = 10) | CON (n = 10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL ENERGY AND MACRONUTRIENT INTAKE | ||||
| Energy intake (MJ/day) | ||||
| Baseline | 8.6 (6.7–10.6) | 8.1 (6.0–9.3) | 9.1 (7.0–10.0) | 9.6 (9.0–10.5) |
| 6 weeks | 10.0 (7.6–14.0) | 9.4 (6.0–13.7)** | 8.6 (5.7–11.4)aa | 9.6 (4.3–13.0) |
| 12 weeks | 11.0 (8.0–14.0)** | 9.5 (7.5–12.4)**aa | 8.9 (4.3–11.8)aa | 9.0 (6.1–12.0)aa |
| Total protein intake (g/day) | ||||
| Baseline | 101 (81.7–120) | 86.4 (67.6–105) | 95.4 (77.1–113) | 108 (91.0–127) |
| 6 weeks | 125 (105–148)** | 115 (72.0–161)** | 94.0 (54.3–119)ab | 112 (52.2–159)ab |
| 12 weeks | 127 (118–152)** | 123 (94.0–153)** | 106 (57.0–145)ab | 98 (62.0–145)ab |
| Relative protein (g kg−1 BM day−1) | ||||
| Baseline | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.4 (1.0–1.7) | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) |
| 6 weeks | 1.7 (1.2–0.2.9)** | 1.6 (1.0–2.2)**aa | 1.2 (0.80–1.9)aa | 1.6 (0.9–2.5)aacc |
| 12 weeks | 1.8 (1.4–3.2)** | 1.8 (1.2–1.8)**aa | 1.4 (0.70–1.8)aa | 1.4 (0.9–1.4)aacc |
| Protein (%) | ||||
| Baseline | 27.0 (19.4–34.5) | 29.1 (20.6–37.5) | 23.0 (17.0–27.0) | 32.2 (26.8–37.6) |
| 6 weeks | 35.5 (26.0–57.0)** | 34.0 (23.0–46.0)** | 21.5 (10.3–31.0)*ab | 32.3 (17.0–48.3)ac |
| 12 weeks | 37.0 (28.4–37.0)** | 38.6 (31.0–39.0)** | 24.4 (14.0–38.0)*ab | 29.3 (17.5–29.3)abc |
| Carbohydrates (g/day) | ||||
| Baseline | 206 (128–308) | 192 (80–297) | 229 (108–331) | 202 (155–249) |
| 6 weeks | 304 (187–305)** | 106 (68–144)** | 237 (187–363)ab | 208 (68–305)ab |
| 12 weeks | 218 (93–330)** | 100 (48–151)** | 267 (171–384)ab | 210 (68–348)ab |
| Fat (g/day) | ||||
| Baseline | 81.6 (66.0–97.0) | 70.5 (53.5–87.7) | 78.6 (67.0–90.5) | 92.0 (81.5–102) |
| 6 weeks | 64.0 (33.0–83.0) | 16.3 (−100 to 132) | 70.0 (24.0–98.0) | 66.0 (44.0–122) |
| 12 weeks | 64.0 (35.0–100) | 33.6 (−90.0 to 159) | 75.0 (29.3–74.5) | 87.4 (51.2–118) |
| Calcium (mg/day) | ||||
| Baseline | 1,011 (675–1,347) | 749 (394–1,104) | 1,117 (807–1,426) | 1,022 (789–1,256) |
| 6 weeks | 1,911 (1,467–2,458)** | 1,629 (941–2726)** | 1,006 (547–1613)aabb | 1,262 (582–2,074)aabb |
| 12 weeks | 2,037 (1,449–2,849)** | 1,695 (1,245–2,704)** | 1,135 (605–1,592)aabb | 1,134 (462–2,151)aabb |
| RELATIVE PROTEIN INTAKE BASED ON EACH MEAL | ||||
| Protein at breakfast (g/kg BM) | ||||
| Baseline | 0.25 (0.10–0.40) | 0.21 (0.12–0.30) | 0.30 (0.15–0.40) | 0.30 (0.21–0.36) |
| 6 weeks | 0.36 (0.20–0.60)** | 0.33 (0.30–0.40)* | 0.22 (0.0–0.50) | 0.28 (0.10–0.50) |
| 12 weeks | 0.34 (0.10–0.60)** | 0.36 (0.20–0.50)* | 0.25 (0.10–0.40)* | 0.31 (0.10–0.50) |
| Protein at lunch (g/kg BM) | ||||
| Baseline | 0.40 (0.21–0.60) | 0.31 (0.18–0.43) | 0.40 (0.25–0.60) | 0.37 (0.22–0.51) |
| 6 weeks | 0.50 (0.30–0.70)* | 0.50 (0.40–0.60)# | 0.34 (0.10–0.50) | 0.45 (20–0.70) |
| 12 weeks | 0.50 (0.30–0.70)* | 0.44 (0.30–0.50)** | 0.31 (0.10–0.0.70)b | 0.40 (0.10–0.60)abc |
| Protein at dinner (g/kg BM) | ||||
| Baseline | 0.50 (0.31–0.65) | 0.64 (0.50–0.80) | 0.74 (0.40–1.1) | 0.64 (0.50–0.80) |
| 6 weeks | 0.40 (0.20–0.50) | 0.35 (0.20–0.50)* | 0.70 (0.30–1.0)*b | 0.70 (0.20–1.2)ab |
| 12 weeks | 0.40 (0.30–0.41) | 0.35 (0.20–0.50)* | 0.60 (0.40–1.0)b | 0.60 (0.30–1.2)b |
Values shown are the mean (95% CI).
BM, body mass; CON, control; EX, exercise; EX+DM, exercise and high-protein dairy milk beverage; DM, high-protein dairy milk beverage.
Within-group changes:
**
P < 0.01 and
*
P < 0.05 vs. baseline; Between-group changes:
aa
P < 0.01 and
a
P < 0.05 vs. DM;
bb
P < 0.01 and
b
P < 0.05 vs. EX+DM;
cc
P < 0.01 and
c
P < 0.05 vs. EX.