Table 4.
Baseline values and within-group changes at weeks 6 and 12 for total body and regional composition, bone mineral density, and resting metabolic rate according to randomized allocation.
| DM (n = 8) | EX+DM (n = 9) | EX (n = 10) | CON (n = 10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total body FFM (%) | ||||
| Baseline | 73.0 (67.4–79.4) | 69.9 (60.1–79.1) | 75.7 (40.2–80.5) | 76.0 (69.1–82.2) |
| 6 weeks | 75.7 (62.0–84.2) | 70.1 (54.0–87.3) | 75.7 (61.2–89.3) | 76.5 (62.7–89.5) |
| 12 weeks | 75.5 (60.4–87.0) | 70.5 (53.6–86.4) | 76.6 (62.4–89.4) | 76.4 (63.6–91.7) |
| Total body FM (%) | ||||
| Baseline | 26.6 (20.3–32.9) | 31.5 (21.6–41.4) | 25.5 (19.9–31.2) | 24.6 (18.1–31.1) |
| 6 weeks | 25.2 (16.0–38.0)** | 31.5 (17.3–48.0) | 25.1 (11.7–39.4) | 24.4 (10.3–37.7) |
| 12 weeks | 25.0 (12.9–40.1)** | 31.0 (14.0–47.0)**a | 24.5 (11.3–37.9)a | 24.7 (9.8–37.2) |
| Arm LM (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 5.1 (3.0–7.0) | 5.1 (3.0–6.9) | 6.3 (4.0–8.6) | 5.6 (3.3–8.4) |
| 6 weeks | 6.0 (3.2–7.5) | 5.1 (3.0–7.0) | 6.3 (4.0–9.0) | 5.6 (3.3–8.4) |
| 12 weeks | 6.0 (3.1–8.0)* | 5.2 (3.0–7.2) | 6.5 (3.8–9.2) | 5.7 (3.3–8.4) |
| Arm FM (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 2.0 (1.6–3.7) | 2.3 (1.1–4.3) | 2.0 (0.8–4.0) | 1.8 (1.3–2.8) |
| 6 weeks | 2.0 (1.4–3.5) | 2.3 (0.8–4.1) | 2.1 (0.8–3.7) | 1.8 (0.7–2.8) |
| 12 weeks | 2.0 (1.1–3.4) | 2.4 (1.0–4.3) | 2.1 (1.0–4.0) | 1.9 (0.9–3.0) |
| Leg LM (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 18.8 (12.0–23.0) | 16.1 (11.0–20.4) | 18.5 (14.1–24.3) | 17.0 (11.8–23.2) |
| 6 weeks | 18.6 (12.2–23.0) | 16.1 (11.3–21.0) | 18.6 (14.2–25.0) | 17.1 (12.0–24.4) |
| 12 weeks | 18.4 (12.1–22.3) | 16.1 (11.0–20.5) | 18.5 (14.5–24.6) | 17.0 (12.0–23.1) |
| Leg FM (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 5.6 (3.6–8.0) | 5.6 (3.1–10.0) | 5.5 (2.4–13.0) | 6.3 (2.5–14.0) |
| 6 weeks | 5.5 (4.2–7.5) | 5.5 (3.0–10.1) | 5.6 (2.2–13.0) | 6.3 (2.3–14.0) |
| 12 weeks | 5.1 (3.4–7.3) | 5.5 (3.0–10.4) | 5.3 (2.0–13.0) | 6.3 (2.4–14.0) |
| Trunk LM (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 26.0 (17.6–29.6) | 22.6 (14.7–28.1) | 26.0 (20.5–35.0) | 25.1 (16.5–35.0) |
| 6 weeks | 26.0 (17.6–30.0) | 23.0 (15.1–28.0) | 26.0 (21.0–34.5) | 25.1 (18.4–34.2) |
| 12 weeks | 26.0 (17.6–30.0) | 23.0 (15.0–28.0) | 26.2 (20.1–35.0) | 24.2 (12.0–34.0) |
| Trunk FM (kg) | ||||
| Baseline | 11.6 (4.7–21.5) | 13.0 (3.5–23.6) | 11.0 (2.2–20.0) | 7.8 (2.7–11.0) |
| 6 weeks | 10.5 (2.3–22.0) | 12.2 (2.4–23.5) | 10.54 (2.0–19.6) | 7.7 (2.7–11.0) |
| 12 weeks | 10.2 (3.0–21.5) | 12.0 (2.2–23.0) | 10.6 (1.9–20.6) | 7.8 (2.2–11.0) |
| ALM/ht2 | ||||
| Baseline | 7.7 (6.5–9.0) | 7.3 (5.1–9.1) | 8.3 (5.8–11.2) | 7.8 (5.6–9.4) |
| 6 weeks | 7.7 (6.6–8.6) | 7.4 (5.2–9.0) | 8.3 (5.8–11.2) | 7.8 (5.7–9.8) |
| 12 weeks | 7.6 (6.5–8.4) | 7.4 (5.2–9.0) | 8.3 (5.8–11.0) | 7.8 (5.7–9.3) |
| BMD (g/cm) | ||||
| Baseline | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) |
| 6 weeks | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) |
| 12 weeks | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.4) | 1.1 (0.1–1.4) |
| RMR (MJ/day) | ||||
| Baseline | 6.1 (4.2–7.6) | 5.5 (4.5–7.3) | 6.3 (4.3–8.4) | 5.7 (4.7–7.4) |
| 6 weeks | 6.1 (4.2–7.6) | 5.5 (4.2–6.7) | 6.3 (4.3–8.0) | 5.8 (4.7–7.4) |
| 12 weeks | 6.0 (4.0–7.8) | 5.4 (4.3–6.7) | 6.2 (4.3–8.0) | 5.6 (4.4–7.2) |
Values shown are the mean (95% CI).
DM, high-protein dairy milk beverage; EX, exercise; EX+DM, exercise and high-protein dairy milk beverage; CON, control; ALM/HT, appendicular muscle mass/height; BM, body mass; BMD, bone mineral density; FFM, fat-free mass; FM, fat mass; LM, lean mass; RMR, resting metabolic rate.
Within-group changes:
**
P < 0.01 and
*
P < 0.05 vs. baseline. Between-group changes:
a
P < 0.05 vs. DM.