Table 6.
Baseline values and the mean within-group changes at weeks 6 and 12 in biochemistry and hormonal markers according to randomized allocation.
| DM (n = 8) | EX+DM (n = 9) | EX (n = 10) | CON (n = 10) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose (mmol/l) | ||||
| Baseline | 5.0 (4.3–5.4) | 5.0 (4.5–5.5) | 5.1 (5.0–5.3) | 4.7 (4.1–5.4) |
| 6 weeks | 4.5 (4.0–6.0) | 4.1 (3.7–6.1) | 4.6 (3.2–6.2) | 4.7 (3.7–5.8) |
| 12 weeks | 4.5 (3.0–6.0) | 4.8 (3.2–6.5) | 5.1 (4.3–6.0) | 4.7 (3.4–6.1) |
| Insulin (μIU/ml) | ||||
| Baseline | 8.9 (4.0–14.0) | 6.4 (4.4–8.3) | 5.3 (3.6–7.0) | 7.4 (5.0–10.0) |
| 6 weeks | 9.2 (1.0–18.0) | 6.2 (2.7–9.6) | 5.2 (2.0–8.5) | 6.5 (2.0–11.2) |
| 12 weeks | 5.8 (0.6–24.0) | 6.6 (3.2–10.0) | 5.5 (2.6–8.4) | 7.6 (3.0–12.3) |
| IGF-1 (pg/ml) | ||||
| Baseline | 148 (28–268) | 118 (28–264) | 56 (17–94) | 34 (22–47) |
| 6 weeks | 171 (15–328) | 220 (0–654) | 115 (0–310) | 57 (16–100) |
| 12 weeks | 150 (0–344) | 219 (0–622) | 54 (0–26) | 117 (52–183) |
| Estradiol (pg/ml) | ||||
| Baseline | 60.0 (18.5–138.0) | 35.2 (42.0–113.0) | 42.3 (7.0–91.0) | 14.7 (2.0–31.4) |
| 6 weeks | 52.0 (0.0–151.0) | 8.0 (0.0–145.0) | 29.5 (0.0–122.0) | 6.3 (0.0–34.4) |
| 12 weeks | 38.0 (0.0–147.0) | 17.0 (0.0–159.0) | 2.0 (0.0–128.0) | 8.7 (0.0–38.0) |
| Testosterone (ng/ml) | ||||
| Baseline | 2.0 (0.7–3.1) | 1.3 (0.4–2.3) | 2.6 (1.5–3.7) | 1.4 (0.4–2.3) |
| 6 weeks | 1.9 (0.2–3.4) | 1.3 (0.2–2.4) | 2.7 (0.4–5.1) | 1.5 (0.3–2.4) |
| 12 weeks | 2.0 (0.2–3.6) | 1.2 (0.0–2.9) | 2.8 (0.9–4.8) | 1.5 (0.1–2.8) |
| Cortisol (nmol/L) | ||||
| Baseline | 396 (241.0–551.0) | 393 (227.0–559.0) | 301 (229.0–372.0) | 397 (179.0–615.0) |
| 6 weeks | 254 (0.0–472.0) | 344 (46.2–642.0) | 365 (197.0–543.0) | 374 (62.0–745.0) |
| 12 weeks | 383 (68.0–698.0) | 404 (135.0–674.0) | 333 (214.0–451.0) | 275 (0.0–67.06) |
Values are the mean (95% CI).
DM, high-protein dairy milk beverage; EX, exercise; EX+DM, exercise and high-protein dairy milk beverage; CON, control; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1.