Table 7.
Baseline values and the mean within-group changes at weeks 6 and 12 in cytokine response according to randomized allocation.
| DM (n = 7) | EX+DM (n = 8) | EX (n = 8) | CON (n = 9) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leukocyte ×109 | ||||
| Baseline | 5.8 (5.4–6.4) | 5.3 (4.0–7.0) | 5.3 (4.6–6.0) | 4.7 (4.0–5.4) |
| 6 weeks | 5.0 (3.2–7.0) | 5.0 (3.0–7.5) | 4.6 (3.2–6.0) | 3.8 (1.5–5.0) |
| 12 weeks | 4.8 (2.3–7.4) | 5.0 (3.0–7.5) | 5.9 (4.0–7.8) | 4.0 (1.5–6.4) |
| Neutrophils ×109 | ||||
| Baseline | 3.1 (2.3–4.0) | 2.5 (1.7–3.4) | 3.1 (3.0–3.5) | 2.4 (2.8–3.0) |
| 6 weeks | 3.1 (1.8–4.5) | 2.2 (1.0–3.5) | 3.7 (2.0–3.4) | 2.1 (1.5–3.6) |
| 12 weeks | 3.2 (1.4–5.2) | 2.2 (0.7–3.0) | 2.8 (1.5–4.5) | 2.0 (1.5–3.3) |
| Lymphocytes ×109 | ||||
| Baseline | 2.5 (2.0–3.0) | 2.3 (1.4–3.1) | 1.9 (1.5–2.4) | 1.8 (1.5–2.1) |
| 6 weeks | 2.1 (1.0–3.2) | 2.1 (0.7–3.3) | 1.7 (1.0–2.5) | 1.3 (0.1–2.4) |
| 12 weeks | 1.7 (0.3–3.2) | 2.0 (0.5–3.2) | 1.7 (0.4–3.2) | 1.4 (0.5–2.4) |
| Monocyte ×10 | ||||
| Baseline | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) | 0.3 (0.2–0.0) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) |
| 6 weeks | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | 0.3 (0.0–0.8) |
| 12 weeks | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.3 (0.1–0.5) | 0.5 (0.1–0.8) | 0.3 (0.0–0.7) |
| Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio | ||||
| Baseline | 1.4 (0.7–2.0) | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 1.7 (1.4–2.0) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
| 6 weeks | 1.4 (0.5–2.3) | 1.1 (0.5–1.8) | 1.4 (0.0–2.1) | 1.3 (0.6–2.1) |
| 12 weeks | 1.1 (0.5–3.0) | 1.0 (0.5–1.6) | 1.9 (0.9–2.9) | 1.1 (0.6–1.7) |
| IL-2 (pg/ml) | ||||
| Baseline | 4.2 (1.9–6.5) | 3.5 (1.9–5.1) | 4.2 (3.0–5.4) | 5.0 (2.5–7.6) |
| 6 weeks | 3.5 (0.0–7.3) | 4.0 (1.2–6.7) | 4.5 (2.2–7.0) | 10.7 (0.0–21.4) |
| 12 weeks | 3.4 (0.2–6.7) | 3.1 (1.0–6.7) | 3.6 (1.1–6.2) | 6.0 (0.5–12.0) |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | ||||
| Baseline | 13.0 (0.5–25.6) | 2.0 (1.1–3.0) | 8.0 (2.2–13.2) | 4.0 (0.3–7.2) |
| 6 weeks | 11.6 (0.0–30.6) | 2.4 (0.0–4.0) | 7.1 (2.2–15.2) | 3.8 (0.2–8.4) |
| 12 weeks | 11.5 (0.0–21.5) | 2.0 (0.6–3.7) | 7.2 (0.0–16.0) | 3.7 (0.0–8.1) |
| IL-8 (pg/ml) | ||||
| Baseline | 10.0 (2.0–18.0) | 1.9 (1.3–2.6) | 5.0 (2.6–7.0) | 4.8 (0.74–10.3) |
| 6 weeks | 10.5 (0.0–22.5) | 1.4 (1.2–3.7) | 4.6 (1.5–7.2) | 4.8 (0.0–11.8) |
| 12 weeks | 9.0 (0.0–22.1) | 1.0 (0.8–3.2) | 4.0 (0.0–9.0) | 4.4 (0.0–11.3) |
| IL-10 (pg/ml) | ||||
| Baseline | 16.0 (8.2–23.5) | 14.1 (2.4–25.7) | 20.4 (10.0–31.1) | 18.6 (6.0–31.5) |
| 6 weeks | 16.0 (8.2–23.6)b | 23.4 (3.3–43.4)* | 20.4 (9.8–31.0)b | 18.7 (5.4–42.0)b |
| 12 weeks | 16.0 (8.0–23.5)b | 19.0 (1.0–136.0)* | 20.3 (9.4–31.3)b | 18.7 (5.6–31.0)b |
| TNF-α (pg/ml) | ||||
| Baseline | 1.8 (1.5–2.3) | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | 2.3 (1.4–3.2) | 2.4 (1.1–3.6) |
| 6 weeks | 2.0 (1.4–2.8) | 2.4 (1.6–3.3) | 2.1 (0.6–3.7) | 2.1 (0.0–4.7) |
| 12 weeks | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | 1.8 (1.2–2.0) | 3.4 (1.3–4.1) | 2.0 (0.0–4.3) |
| Systematic inflammatory response profile | ||||
| Baseline | 48.0 (21.0–75.0) | 16.5 (3.4–29.5) | 41.0 (23.5–58.1) | 37.7 (14.4–61.0) |
| 6 weeks | 48.2 (6.0–90.0) | 29.0 (4.4–53.5) | 42.0 (12.0–72.1) | 32.1 (0.7–81.4) |
| 12 weeks | 40.6 (4.2–77.0) | 24.5 (0.1–49.0) | 32.3 (0.0–71.0) | 33.0 (0.2–72.2) |
Values are the mean (95% CI).
DM, high-protein dairy milk beverage; EX, exercise; EX+DM, exercise and high-protein dairy milk beverage; CON, control; IL, interleukin; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1.
Within-group changes:
*
P < 0.05 vs. baseline. Between-group changes:
a
P < 0.05 vs. DM.