Fig 3.

Rate ratios of death, readmission, and multiorgan dysfunction comparing individuals with covid-19 in England discharged from hospital by 31 August 2020 with matched controls, stratified by personal factors. Outcomes calculated from hospital admissions to 31 August 2020, and primary care records and deaths registrations to 30 September 2020. Readmission to hospital is any admission after discharge for patients with covid-19 and any admission after the index date for controls. Individuals with missing ethnicity information were omitted from the analysis stratified by ethnic group. Patients with covid-19 were matched to controls for baseline personal characteristics (age, sex, ethnicity, region, Index of Multiple Deprivation category, and smoking status) and clinical histories (hypertension, major adverse cardiovascular event, respiratory disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, diabetes, and cancer). Rate ratios for chronic kidney disease could not be stratified by ethnic group because of insufficient event counts in the control group