Table 2.
Associations between personal and clinical characteristics and full self-isolation adjusted for duration of isolation after developing symptoms of covid-19
| Characteristics | Self-isolating status | Odds ratio (95% CI) for fully self-isolating | P value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for fully self-isolating* | P value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for fully self-isolating† | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not fully self-isolating (n=648) | Fully self-isolating (n=454) | |||||||
| Survey wave overall | - | - | χ2(10)=14.0 | 0.17 | χ2(10)=16.8 | 0.08 | χ2(10)=16.8 | 0.08 |
| Region overall | - | - | χ2(8)=2.5 | 0.96 | χ2(8)=2.9 | 0.94 | χ2(8)=2.9 | 0.94 |
| Male | 376 (62.9) | 222 (37.1) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Female | 269 (54.3) | 226 (45.7) | 1.41 (1.10 to 1.80) | 0.006 | 1.50 (1.14 to 1.97) | 0.004 | 1.49 (1.13 to 1.97) | 0.004 |
| Raw age (per decade) (years) | Mean 36.6 (SD 14.4) | Mean 39.7 (SD 16.1) | 1.14 (1.05 to 1.24) | 0.002 | 1.16 (1.04 to 1.30) | 0.007 | 1.16 (1.04 to 1.30) | 0.007 |
| Age: quadratic (age−mean)2 | - | - | - | - | 0.9999 (0.9994 to 1.0004) | 0.67 | 0.9999 (0.9994 to 1.0004) | 0.66 |
| Dependent child in household: | ||||||||
| No | 281 (54.4) | 236 (45.6) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Yes | 367 (62.7) | 218 (37.3) | 0.71 (0.56 to 0.91) | 0.007 | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.21) | 0.43 | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.21) | 0.43 |
| Clinically vulnerable to covid-19: | ||||||||
| No | 428 (59.0) | 297 (41.0) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Yes | 167 (58.2) | 120 (41.8) | 1.03 (0.78 to 1.37) | 0.81 | 0.92 (0.68 to 1.25) | 0.59 | 0.92 (0.67 to 1.25) | 0.58 |
| Household member has chronic illness: | ||||||||
| No | 513 (58.3) | 367 (41.7) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Yes | 118 (60.8) | 76 (39.2) | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.21) | 0.45 | 0.79 (0.54 to 1.15) | 0.21 | 0.79 (0.54 to 1.14) | 0.21 |
| Employed: | ||||||||
| No | 196 (54.9) | 161 (45.1) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Yes | 446 (61.3) | 281 (38.7) | 0.78 (0.60 to 1.00) | 0.05 | 0.85 (0.61 to 1.17) | 0.31 | 0.84 (0.61 to 1.17) | 0.31 |
| Highest earner works in a manual occupation: | ||||||||
| No | 343 (57.4) | 255 (42.6) | Reference | - | Reference | - | - | - |
| Yes | 295 (61.0) | 189 (39.0) | 0.86 (0.68 to 1.10) | 0.22 | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.29) | 0.85 | - | - |
| Socioeconomic grade: | ||||||||
| ABC1 (high) | 286 (59.8) | 192 (40.2) | Reference | - | - | - | Reference | - |
| C2DE | 352 (58.3) | 252 (41.7) | 1.06 (0.83 to 1.35) | 0.65 | - | - | 1.00 (0.76 to 1.33) | 0.99 |
| Index of multiple deprivation fourth: | ||||||||
| 1st (least deprived) | 89 (59.3) | 61 (40.7) | 1.07 (0.73 to 1.56) | 0.75 | 0.89 (0.56 to 1.41) | 0.61 | 0.89 (0.56 to 1.41) | 0.61 |
| 2nd | 111 (52.1) | 102 (47.9) | 1.43 (1.02 to 2.01) | 0.04 | 1.39 (0.93 to 2.06) | 0.11 | 1.39 (0.93 to 2.06) | 0.11 |
| 3rd | 189 (60.4) | 124 (39.6) | 1.02 (0.76 to 1.38) | 0.88 | 0.89 (0.63 to 1.27) | 0.53 | 0.89 (0.63 to 1.27) | 0.53 |
| 4th (most deprived) | 259 (60.8) | 167 (39.2) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Overall | - | - | χ2(3)=4.9 | 0.18 | χ2(3)=5.7 | 0.13 | χ2(3)=5.6 | 0.13 |
| Highest educational or professional qualification: | ||||||||
| GCSE, vocational, A level, or no formal qualifications | 357 (57.4) | 265 (42.6) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Degree or higher (bachelors, masters, or PhD) | 291 (60.6) | 189 (39.4) | 0.87 (0.69 to 1.12) | 0.28 | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.29) | 0.84 | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.29) | 0.85 |
| Ethnicity: | ||||||||
| White British | 455 (59.2) | 314 (40.8) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| White other | 90 (65.2) | 48 (34.8) | 0.78 (0.54 to 1.14) | 0.20 | 0.85 (0.55 to 1.31) | 0.45 | 0.84 (0.55 to 1.30) | 0.44 |
| Black and minority ethnicity | 101 (53.7) | 87 (46.3) | 1.26 (0.91 to 1.74) | 0.16 | 1.66 (1.14 to 2.41) | 0.008 | 1.66 (1.14 to 2.41) | 0.008 |
| Overall | - | - | χ2(2)=4.3 | 0.12 | χ2(2)=8.8 | 0.01 | χ2(2)=8.8 | 0.01 |
| Live alone: | ||||||||
| No | 549 (59.3) | 377 (40.7) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Yes | 99 (56.3) | 77 (43.8) | 1.12 (0.81 to 1.56) | 0.48 | 0.95 (0.63 to 1.44) | 0.82 | 0.95 (0.63 to 1.45) | 0.82 |
| Work in key sector: | ||||||||
| No | 121 (54.5) | 101 (45.5) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Yes | 382 (63.2) | 222 (36.8) | 0.70 (0.51 to 0.95) | 0.02 | 0.83 (0.58 to 1.20) | 0.33 | 0.83 (0.58 to 1.20) | 0.32 |
| Self-employed‡: | ||||||||
| No | 410 (61.5) | 257 (38.5) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Yes | 36 (60.0) | 24 (40.0) | 1.08 (0.63 to 1.85) | 0.78 | 1.31 (0.66 to 2.61) | 0.44 | 1.32 (0.66 to 2.62) | 0.43 |
| Marital status: | ||||||||
| Single, separated, divorced, or widowed | 261 (56.6) | 200 (43.4) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Married or partnered | 365 (60.1) | 242 (39.9) | 0.86 (0.68 to 1.11) | 0.25 | 0.87 (0.64 to 1.19) | 0.38 | 0.87 (0.64 to 1.19) | 0.39 |
| Ever had covid-19: | ||||||||
| Think not | 371 (57.8) | 271 (42.2) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Think so, or confirmed | 277 (60.2) | 183 (39.8) | 0.91 (0.71 to 1.16) | 0.44 | 1.02 (0.77 to 1.34) | 0.90 | 1.02 (0.77 to 1.35) | 0.90 |
| Attribute current symptoms to covid-19: | ||||||||
| No | 494 (60.7) | 320 (39.3) | Reference | - | Reference | - | Reference | - |
| Yes | 154 (53.5) | 134 (46.5) | 1.33 (1.02 to 1.74) | 0.04 | 1.49 (1.10 to 2.02) | 0.01 | 1.49 (1.10 to 2.02) | 0.01 |
| Hardship§ | n=622; mean 10.2 (SD 2.6) | n=427; mean 10.0 (SD 2.9) | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01) | 0.17 | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.04) | 0.60 | 0.99 (0.93 to 1.04) | 0.60 |
SD=standard deviation; CI=confidence interval. For continuous variables, odds ratios represent a one unit increase in the explanatory variable, apart from age, when odds ratios represent a 10 year increase in age.
Adjusted for survey wave, region, sex, age (raw and quadratic term), dependent child in household, clinically vulnerable to covid-19, household member has chronic illness, employment status, highest earner works in a manual occupation, index of multiple deprivation, highest educational or professional qualification, ethnicity, and living alone.
Adjusting for survey wave, region, sex, age (raw and quadratic term), dependent child in the household, clinically vulnerable to covid-19, household member has chronic illness, employment status, socioeconomic grade, index of multiple deprivation, highest educational or professional qualification, ethnicity, and living alone.
Not adjusted for employment status as by definition all people who were asked whether they were self-employed were working.
From 3 (least hardship) to 15 (most hardship).