Table 1.
Demography, Clinical Manifestations, and Comorbidities of COVID-19 Patients
| AA | P | CAU | P | HSP | P | Overall | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total no. of cases | 309 (69.1) | 27 (6) | 111 (24.8) | 447 (100) | ||||
| Deceased | 56 (18.1) | 5 (18.5) | 8 (7.3) | 71 (15.5) | .023a | |||
| Average age, y | 59.7 | <.001 | 61.1 | .021 | 44.9 | .009 | 56.1 | <.001 |
| Survivors | 57.6 | 57.7 | 43.8 | 53.9 | ||||
| Deceased | 69.2 | 76.2 | 60.1 | 68.6 | ||||
| Sex | .53 | .825 | .479 | .41 | ||||
| Men | 157 (50.8) | 15 (55.6) | 54 (49.5) | 227 (51) | ||||
| Survivors | 122 (77.7) | 12 (80) | 50 (90.9) | 184 (81.1) | ||||
| Deceased | 35 (22.3) | 3 (20) | 5 (9.1) | 43 (18.9) | ||||
| Women | 152 (49.2) | 12 (44.4) | 55 (50.5) | 218 (49) | ||||
| Survivors | 131 (86.2) | 10 (83.3) | 51 (94.4) | 192 (88.1) | ||||
| Deceased | 21 (13.8) | 2 (16.7) | 3 (5.6) | 26 (11.9) | ||||
| Mean body mass index, kg/m2 | 31.6 | .155 | 30.5 | .216 | 27.4 | .288 | 30.6 | .223 |
| Normal | 127 (31.2) | |||||||
| Survivors | 65 (76.5) | 6 (75) | 31 (91.2) | 102 (80.3) | ||||
| Deceased | 20 (23.5) | 2 (25) | 3 (8.8) | 25 (19.7) | ||||
| Overweight | 0.450 | 0.640 | 0.658 | 126 (31.4) | .552 | |||
| Survivors | 68 (81.9) | 6 (75) | 33 (94.3) | 107 (84.9) | ||||
| Deceased | 15 (18.1) | 2 (25) | 2 (5.7) | 19 (15.1) | ||||
| Obese | 154 (37.8) | |||||||
| Survivors | 100 (83.3) | 9 (90) | 21 (87.5) | 130 (84.4) | ||||
| Deceased | 20 (16.7) | 1 (10) | 3 (12.5) | 24 (15.6) | ||||
| Fever | 171 (56.4) | 16 (59.2) | 55 (52.9) | 242 (55.8) | ||||
| Survivors | 139 (81.3) | .773 | 14 (87.5) | .332 | 49 (89.1) | .192 | 202 (83.5) | .580 |
| Deceased | 32 (18.7) | 2 (12.5) | 6 (10.9) | 40 (16.5) | ||||
| Cough | 196 (65.7) | 18 (66.6) | 57 (57) | 271 (63.8) | ||||
| Survivors | 162 (82.7) | .631 | 15 (83.3) | .726 | 52 (91.2) | .743 | 229 (84.5) | .841 |
| Deceased | 34 (17.3) | 3 (16.7) | 5 (8.8) | 42 (15.5) | ||||
| Shortness of breath | 198 (65.7) | 16 (61.5) | 57 (55.3) | 271 (63) | ||||
| Survivors | 155 (78.3) | .032 | 13 (81.3) | .937 | 49 (86) | .008 | 217 (80.1) | .002 |
| Deceased | 43 (21.7) | 3 (18.8) | 8 (14) | 54 (19.9) | ||||
| Abdominal pain | 43 (15.4) | 3 (13) | 17 (17.3) | 63 (15.8) | ||||
| Survivors | 40 (93) | .75 | 3 (100) | .328 | 16 (94.1) | .824 | 59 (93.7) | .050 |
| Deceased | 3 (7) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.9) | 4 (6.3) | ||||
| Diarrhea | 67 (22.4) | 6 (23) | 10 (9.7) | 83 (19.4) | ||||
| Survivors | 56 (83.6) | .681 | 5 (83.3) | .856 | 9 (90) | .781 | 70 (84.3) | .994 |
| Deceased | 11 (16.4) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (10) | 13 (15.7) | ||||
| Nausea | 41 (14.2) | 2 (8.3) | 12 (12) | 55 (13.3) | ||||
| Survivors | 35 (85.4) | .661 | 2 (100) | .449 | 12 (100) | .311 | 49 (89.1) | .382 |
| Deceased | 6 (14.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (10.9) | ||||
| Vomiting | 38 (12.9) | 3 (11.5) | 11 (10.6) | 52 (12.3) | ||||
| Survivors | 33 (86.8) | .465 | 3 (100) | .369 | 11 (100) | .311 | 47 (90.4) | .239 |
| Deceased | 5 (13.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (9.6) | ||||
| Fatigue | 94 (47.4) | 11 (50) | 25 (35.2) | 130 (44.7) | ||||
| Survivors | 81 (86.2) | .782 | 9 (81.8) | .534 | 22 (88) | .428 | 112 (86.2) | .391 |
| Deceased | 13 (13.8) | 2 (18.2) | 3 (12) | 18 (13.8) | ||||
| Loss of appetite | 86 (33.8) | 1 (4.7) | 19 (20.9) | 106 (29) | ||||
| Survivors | 143 (85.1) | .445 | 1 (100) | .567 | 18 (94.7) | .793 | 89 (84) | .522 |
| Deceased | 25 (14.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.3) | 17 (16) | ||||
| Loss of taste | 19 (8) | 2 (9) | 7 (8.1) | 28 (8.1) | ||||
| Survivors | 17 (89.5) | .463 | 2 (100) | .421 | 7 (100) | .450 | 26 (92.9) | .247 |
| Deceased | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (7.1) | ||||
| GI bleed | 17 (5.6) | 1 (3.7) | 1 (1) | 19 (4.4) | ||||
| Survivors | 11 (64.7) | .057 | 1 (100) | .627 | 0 (0) | .001 | 12 (63.2) | .009 |
| Deceased | 6 (35.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 7 (36.8) | ||||
| Pancreatitis | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 4 (0.9) | ||||
| Survivors | 2 (66.7) | .477 | 0 (0) | N/A | 1 (100) | .769 | 3 (75) | .594 |
| Deceased | 1 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (25) | ||||
| Cholecystitis | 6 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 7 (1.6) | ||||
| Survivors | 5 (83.3) | .918 | 0 (0) | N/A | 1 (100) | .769 | 6 (85.7) | .911 |
| Deceased | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (14.3) | ||||
| Cardiac disease | 71 (24) | 9 (34.6) | 5 (5.1) | 85 (20.2) | ||||
| Survivors | 55 (77.5) | .334 | 6 (66.7) | .184 | 5 (100) | .496 | 66 (77.6) | .084 |
| Deceased | 16 (22.5) | 3 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 19 (22.4) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 128 (43.1) | 9 (34.6) | 25 (25.3) | 162 (38.4) | ||||
| Survivors | 102 (79.7) | .576 | 5 (55.6) | .018 | 20 (80) | .11 | 127 (78.4) | .021 |
| Deceased | 26 (20.3) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (20) | 35 (21.6) | ||||
| Hypertension | 188 (63.3) | 16 (61.5) | 29 (29.3) | 233 (55.2) | ||||
| Survivors | 154 (81.9) | .656 | 11 (68.8) | .049 | 24 (82.8) | .031 | 189 (81.1) | .118 |
| Deceased | 34 (18.1) | 5 (31.2) | 5 (17.2) | 44 (18.9) | ||||
| History of liver disease | 14 (4.7) | 1 (3.8) | 3 (3) | 18 (4.3) | ||||
| Survivors | 9 (64.3) | .095 | 1 (100) | .619 | 3 (100) | .606 | 13 (72.2) | .171 |
| Deceased | 5 (35.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (27.8) | ||||
| History of inflammatory bowel disease | 4 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 5 (1.2) | ||||
| Survivors | 3 (75) | .742 | 0 (0) | N/A | 1 (100) | .768 | 4 (80) | .812 |
| Deceased | 1 (25) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | ||||
| History of gastroesophageal reflux disease/peptic ulcer disease | 33 (11.1) | 4 (15.3) | 5 (5) | 42 (10) | ||||
| Survivors | 28 (84.8) | .585 | 3 (75) | .750 | 5 (100) | .501 | 36 (85.7) | .734 |
| Deceased | 5 (15.2) | 1 (25) | 0 (0) | 6 (14.3) | ||||
| Immunocompromised | 22 (7.2) | 2 (8) | 4 (3.8) | 28 (6.5) | ||||
| Survivors | 15 (68.2) | .096 | 2 (100) | .461 | 3 (75) | .182 | 20 (71.4) | .060 |
| Deceased | 7 (31.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (25) | 8 (28.6) | ||||
| Alcohol use | 45 (19.9) | 6 (27.2) | 12 (15.4) | 63 (19.3) | ||||
| Survivors | 42 (93.3) | .079 | 5 (83.3) | .910 | 11 (91.7) | .933 | 58 (92.1) | .133 |
| Deceased | 3 (6.7) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (14.3) | 5 (7.9) | ||||
| Elevated ferritin | 166 (61.2) | 14 (66.6) | 47 (62.7) | 227 (61.9) | ||||
| Survivors | 125 (75.3) | .004 | 10 (71.4) | .469 | 41 (87.2) | .445 | 176 (77.5) | .02 |
| Deceased | 41 (24.7) | 4 (28.6) | 6 (12.8) | 51 (22.5) | ||||
| Elevated D-dimer | 244 (90) | 18 (85.7) | 62 (86.1) | 324 (89) | ||||
| Survivors | 193 (79.1) | .031 | 13 (72.2) | .296 | 55 (88.7) | .263 | 261 (80.6) | .008 |
| Deceased | 51 (20.9) | 5 (27.8) | 7 (11.3) | 63 (19.4) | ||||
| Elevated C-reactive protein | 148 (58.4) | 14 (70) | 47 (62.7) | 210 (60) | ||||
| Survivors | 109 (73.2) | <.001 | 10 (71.4) | .573 | 40 (85.11) | .124 | 159 (75.7) | <.001 |
| Deceased | 40 (26.8) | 4 (28.6) | 7 (14.9) | 51 (24.3) | ||||
| Elevated procalcitonin | 98 (38.5) | 7 (31.8) | 20 (29.4) | 125 (36.3) | ||||
| Survivors | 56 (57.1) | <.001 | 3 (42.9) | .009 | 14 (70) | .003 | 73 (58.4) | <.001 |
| Deceased | 42 (52.9) | 4 (57.1) | 6 (30) | 52 (41.6) | ||||
| Mean elevated creatinine | 55.5 | 34.6 | 23.4 | 48.7 | ||||
| Survivors | 0.46 | <.001 | 0.19 | 0.002 | 0.18 | <.001 | 0.37 | <.001 |
| Deceased | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.95 | ||||
| Elevated IL-6 | 93 (98.9) | 8 (100) | 28 (100) | 129 (99.2) | ||||
| Survivors | 71 (76.3) | .77 | 5 (62.5) | N/A | 27 (96.4) | N/A | 103 (79.8) | .800 |
| Deceased | 22 (23.7) | 3 (37.5) | 1 (3.6) | 26 (20.2) | ||||
| Abnormal platelet count | 35.3 (109) | .18 | 22.2 (6) | .571 | 31 (27.9) | .360 | Low 146 (32.9) | .02 |
| 23.6 (73) | 25.9 (7) | 22 (19.8) | Elevated 102 (23.1) | |||||
| Abnormal lymphocyte count | 1 (3) | .582 | 1 (3.7) | .782 | 106 (95.5) | .814 | Low 1.3 (6) | .628 |
| 295 (95.1) | 25 (92.6) | 2 (1.8) | Elevated 95.3 (434) | |||||
| Elevated cholesterol | 5 (6) | 1 (9) | 0 (0) | 6 (5.2) | ||||
| Survivors | 5 (100) | .166 | 1 (100) | .621 | 0 (0) | N/A | 6 (100) | .174 |
| Deceased | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Elevated low-density lipoprotein | 4 (1.3) | 1 (3.7) | 0 (0) | 5 (4.4) | ||||
| Survivors | 4 (100) | .210 | 1 (100) | .621 | 0 (0) | N/A | 5 (100) | .208 |
| Deceased | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Elevated high-density lipoprotein | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.9) | ||||
| Survivors | 1 (100) | .542 | 0 (0) | N/A | 0 (0) | N/A | 1 (100) | .583 |
| Deceased | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Elevated triglycerides | 34 (38.6) | 3 (27.2) | 6 (30) | 43 (36.1) | ||||
| Survivors | 24 (70.6) | .721 | 2 (66.7) | .425 | 3 (50) | .004 | 29 (67.4) | .118 |
| Deceased | 10 (29.4) | 1 (33.3) | 3 (50) | 14 (32.6) | ||||
| Elevated liver function test values on admission | 107 (37) | 12 (52.1) | 44 (51.2) | 163 (41) | ||||
| Survivors | 72 (67.3) | <.001 | 8 (66.7) | .159 | 41 (93.2) | .417 | 121 (74.2) | <.001 |
| Deceased | 35 (32.7) | 4 (33.3) | 3(6.8) | 42 (25.8) | ||||
| Mean elevated alanine aminotransferase peak | 25 (78.1) | 1 (33.3) | 11 (84.6) | 37 (77.1) | ||||
| Survivors | 60.1 | .258 | 65.6 | .386 | 58.8 | .326 | 60.1 | .878 |
| Deceased | 113.3 | 51.2 | 703.3 | 180.1 | ||||
| Mean elevated aspartate aminotransferase peak | 15 (46.9) | 2 (66.7) | 7 (53.8) | 24 (50) | ||||
| Survivors | 75.5 | .228 | 74.2 | .386 | 56.3 | .612 | 70.6 | .121 |
| Deceased | 246.8 | 77.2 | 1518.5 | 388.1 | ||||
| Pneumonia | 255 (84.4) | 23 (85.1) | 71 (68.9) | 349 (80.8) | ||||
| Survivors | 202 (79.2) | .007 | 18 (78.3) | .302 | 63 (88.7) | .048 | 283 (81.1) | <.001 |
| Deceased | 53 (20.8) | 5 (21.7) | 8 (11.3) | 66 (18.9) |
Values are n (%) unless otherwise defined. N/A, Chi square statistical test is not applicable.
a
Comparing mortality rate between ethnicities.