Figure 5.

Per-patient funnel plots with contour for assessment of publication bias in diagnostic parameters (A, sensitivity; B, specificity; C, positive predictive value (PPV); and D, negative predictive value (NPV)). Areas in white, orange, and red represent <90%, 95–99%, and >99% confidence levels for publication bias. P-values are derived from Egger's regression (α = 0.05) and represent the likelihood of a study result at least this large given the null hypothesis to be true (H₀ = No publication bias). Mohammadzadeh et al. is the lone study identified as likely to have publication bias.