Table 1.

Chemical content of different parts of parsnip

Parts of parsnip	Active ingredients
Aerial parts	Furanocoumarins (in particular: angelicin, bergaptene, xanthotoxin, imperatorin, psoralen) Essential oils (chief components: E-β-ocimene, Z-β-ocimene, α-terpinolene, E-β-farnesene, γ-palmitolactone, hexyl butanoate, lavandulyl acetate, sesquiterpene) Polysaccharides Organic acids Hydroxycinnamic acids Amino acids Polyphenols
Root	Furanocoumarins (in particular: angelicin, bergaptene, xanthotoxin, imperatorin, psoralen) Essential oils (chief components: aliphatic ester, in particular octylbutyrate, Myristicin, β-ocimene, β-farnesene, octyl butyrate, octyl hexanoate, α-terpinolene) Sex hormone (5a-androstenone) Polysaccharides Organic acids Hydroxycinnamic acids Amino acids Polyphenols
Seeds	Furanocoumarins (bergapten, pimpinellin, methoxsalen, isopimpinellin, imperatorin, phellopterin, byakangelicol, heraclenin, isobergapten, byakangelicin, heraclenol, psoralen, and isobyakangelicin, xanthotoxin) Essential oils {myristicin, β-ocimene, β-farnesene, octyl butyrate, hexanoate, Butyl butyrate, (Z)-b-Ocimene, Octanal, Hexyl butyrate, Octyl acetate, Decanal, Octanol, a-Zingiberene, Decanol, b-Sesquiphellandrene, ar-Curcumene, Decyl butyrate, Benzyl butyrate, Phenylethyl butyrate, (E)-Nerolidol, Phenylethyl hexanoate, butyric acid, acetyl ester) Coumarins (osthol, umbelliferone, 4-hydroxycoumarin) Hydrocarbons (e.g. methanol, ether, chloroform, ethanol, chlorophyll) Resinous substance Sulphuric acid