Box 1. Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) (8, 10, 15-17).

Risk Factors
1. Previous history of GDM
2. History of diabetes mellitus in first-degree relatives
3. Known glucose intolerance
4. Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)
5. Low physical activitya (18, 19)
6. History of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
7. History of hypertension and/or taking antihypertensive medication
8. Serum TG > 250 mg/dL and/or HDL< 35 mg/dL
9. History of stillbirthb
10. History of congenital anomalies or macrosomia c in the offspring

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.

^aPhysical activity level is defined as low (MET < 600 min/week), moderate (MET 600 - 1499 min/week), and high (MET ≥ 1500 min/week), based on the Persian-translated Modifiable Activity Questionnaire (MAQ).

^bStillbirth refers to intrauterine fetal death after 20 weeks of gestation.

^cBirth of an infant ≥ 4000 g.