Table 2.
Altered cholesterol metabolism and drug resistance.
| S. No | Cancer Types | Resistant Drugs /Inhibitors | in vitro/in vivo/ Clinical Studies | Cell line/ Animal model/ Patient Information | Outcome of Treatment/ Effect /Treatment modalities | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Prostate | Simvastatin | in vitro & in vivo | PC3, LNCaP & 22RV1 cells,Hsd: Athymic Nude-Foxn1 nu/nu mice. | Low dose treatment of simvastatin increases the aggressiveness of prostate cancer in mice models. | [208] |
| 2 | Ovarian | Cisplatin, Paclitaxel | in vitro & Clinical | PA-1, OVCAR-3, SKOV-3 cells | Cholesterol increases expression of MDR1 through LXRɑ/β activation and imparts chemoresistance of cisplatin and paclitaxel | [25] |
| 3 | Ovarian | Cisplatin | in vitro | A2780 cell | SREBP2 imparts cisplatin resistance via upregulation of LDLR, FDFT1, and HMGCR in A2780 cell | [254] |
| 4 | Ovarian | Cisplatin, Lovastatin | in vitro | PEA1, PEA2, PEO14 cells | Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis with statin increases cisplatin chemoresistance in ovarian cancer | [209] |
| 5 | Chronic myelogenous leukemia | Imatinib | in vitro | K562R (imatinib resistant) cell | A high level of cholesterol ester accumulation is associated with resistance to imatinib in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells | [226] |
| 6 | Lung | Cisplatin, Carboplatin,Oxaliplatin,Cholesterol | in vitro & Clinical | A549 cell,Patient sample | Pretreatment of cholesterol increases the expression of ABCG2 which imparts chemoresistance to platinum-based drugs. | [229] |
| 7 | Hepato-cellular Carcinoma | Doxorubicin, | in vitro | Huh-7, HepG2 cells | 7-Ketocholesterol regulate P-gp through PI3K/mTOR signaling and decreases the efficacy of Doxorubicin | [230] |
| 8 | Hepato-cellular carcinoma | Sorafenib | in vitro | HepG2, HUH7 cells | Pre-treatment of LDLc decreases HCC cell death from sorafenib. | [232] |