Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants in the CREDENCE trial, according to baseline UACR
| Characteristic | Baseline UACR, mg/g | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ≤1000 | >1000 to <3000 | ≥3000 | |
| n=2348 (53%) | n=1547 (35%) | n=506 (12%) | |
| Age, yr, mean (SD) | 64 (9) | 63 (9) | 60 (9) |
| Women, n (%) | 756 (32%) | 534 (35%) | 204 (40%) |
| Race, n (%) | |||
| Asian | 422 (18%) | 331 (21%) | 124 (25%) |
| Black | 138 (6.0%) | 65 (4%) | 21 (4%) |
| White | 1596 (68%) | 1018 (66%) | 317 (63%) |
| Othera | 192 (8%) | 133 (9%) | 44 (9%) |
| Region, n (%) | |||
| North America | 666 (28%) | 381 (25%) | 135 (27%) |
| Central/South America | 523 (22%) | 314 (20%) | 104 (21%) |
| Europe | 457 (20%) | 328 (21%) | 79 (16%) |
| Rest of the world | 702 (30%) | 524 (34%) | 188 (37%) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 325 (14%) | 242 (16%) | 72 (14%) |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 2273 (97%) | 1501 (97%) | 486 (96%) |
| History of heart failure, n (%) | 319 (14%) | 247 (16%) | 86 (17%) |
| Duration of diabetes, yr, mean (SD) | 16 (9) | 16 (9) | 15 (8) |
| Drug therapy, n (%) | |||
| Insulin | 1463 (62%) | 1057 (68%) | 364 (72%) |
| Sulfonylurea | 727 (31%) | 427 (28%) | 114 (23%) |
| Biguanide | 1433 (61%) | 865 (56%) | 247 (49%) |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist | 108 (5%) | 56 (5%) | 19 (4%) |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 419 (18%) | 267 (17%) | 65 (13%) |
| Statin | 1628 (69%) | 1077 (70%) | 331 (65%) |
| Antithrombotic agentb | 1448 (62%) | 915 (59%) | 261 (52%) |
| RAS inhibitor | 2345 (100%) | 1545 (100%) | 505 (100%) |
| β-blocker | 938 (340%) | 631 (41%) | 201 (40%) |
| Diuretic | 913 (39%) | 708 (46%) | 261 (52%) |
| Microvascular disease history, n (%) | |||
| Neuropathy | 1106 (47%) | 765 (50%) | 276 (55%) |
| Retinopathy | 913 (39%) | 708 (46%) | 261 (52%) |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 1198 (51%) | 758 (49%) | 264 (52%) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD)c | 31.4 (6.1) | 31.3 (6.1) | 31.2 (6.6) |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 138 (15) | 142 (16) | 143 (16) |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 77 (9) | 79 (9) | 80 (9) |
| Glycated hemoglobin, %, mean (SD) | 8.3 (1.3) | 8.2 (1.3) | 8.4 (1.5) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl, mean (SD)c | 186 (133) | 204 (159) | 221 (142) |
| Cholesterol, mg/dl, mean (SD)c | 174 (46) | 182 (50.3) | 201 (58) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl, mean (SD)c | 43 (12) | 46 (12) | 46 (16) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl, mean (SD)c | 93 (39) | 97 (39) | 112 (50) |
| Ratio of LDL to HDL, mean (SD)c | 2.2 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.3) |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2, mean (SD) | 58 (18) | 55 (18) | 53 (18) |
| UACR, mg/g, median (IQR)d | 489 (321–693) | 1630 (1254–2167) | 3893 (3408–4765) |
| UACR, mg/mmol, median (IQR)d | 55 (36–78) | 184 (142–245) | 440 (385–539) |
CREDENCE, Canagliflozin and Renal Endpoints in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; IQR, interquartile range.
Includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, multiple, other, unknown, and not reported.
Includes anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents, including aspirin.
≤1% missing data.
Eligibility was on the basis of a screening UACR of >300 to 5000 mg/g (33.9–565.6 mg/mmol). By baseline, 527 participants had a UACR <300 mg/g, including 31 with normoalbuminuria (UACR<30 mg/g, or <3 mg/mmol) and 496 with microalbuminuria (UACR 30–300 mg/g, or 3–30 mg/mmol) (15).