Table 1.
Epidemiology of AKI development among critically ill children who are coronavirus disease 2019 positive
| Characteristics | Total Coronavirus Disease 2019 Positive | AKI | No AKI |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (row %) | 106 | 47 (44) | 59 (56) |
| Date of enrollment | |||
| Week 1 | 25 (24) | 10 (21) | 15 (25) |
| Week 2 | 16 (15) | 9 (19) | 7 (12) |
| Week 3 | 9 (9) | 4 (9) | 5 (9) |
| Week 4 | 15 (14) | 6 (13) | 9 (15) |
| Week 5 | 21 (20) | 12 (26) | 9 (15) |
| Week 6 | 20 (19) | 6 (13) | 14 (24) |
| Age, yr, median (range) | 11.0 (0.1–17.8) | 10.5 (0.2–17.7) | 11.0 (0.1–17.8) |
| Age categories | |||
| Infants, 0–1 yr | 13 (12) | 4 (9) | 9 (15) |
| Toddlers, 1–5 yr | 17 (16) | 9 (19) | 8 (14) |
| Children, 5–13 yr | 30 (28) | 15 (32) | 15 (25) |
| Adolescents, ≥13 yr | 46 (43) | 19 (40) | 27 (46) |
| Sex | |||
| Females | 52 (49) | 26 (55) | 26 (44) |
| Males | 54 (51) | 21 (45) | 33 (56) |
| Race | |||
| White | 37 (35) | 17 (36) | 20 (34) |
| Black | 34 (32) | 17 (36) | 17 (29) |
| Asian | 2 (2) | 2 (4) | 0 (0) |
| Unknown | 33 (31) | 11 (23) | 22 (37) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic, non-Latino, non-Spanish | 62 (59) | 31 (66) | 31 (53) |
| Hispanic, Latino, Spanish | 26 (25) | 10 (21) | 16 (27) |
| Unknown | 18 (17) | 6 (13) | 12 (20) |
| Locationa | |||
| United States | 100 (94) | 43 (92) | 57 (97) |
| Western Europe | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) |
| Eastern Europe/Russia | 5 (5) | 4 (9) | 1 (2) |
| Baseline eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2, median (range)b | 112 (24–458) | 128 (24–458) | 105 (71–203) |
| Baseline serum creatinine, mg/dl, median (range)b | 0.5 (0.1–1.7) | 0.4 (0.1–1.7) | 0.5 (0.1–1.1) |
| Admission serum creatinine, mg/dL, median (range)c | 0.6 (0.1–5.6) | 0.8 (0.1–5.6) | 0.4 (0.1–1.1) |
| Peak serum creatinine, mg/dL, median (range)d | 0.6 (0.1–5.6) | 0.8 (0.3–5.6) | 0.4 (0.1–1.1) |
| Any chronic condition | 71 (67) | 28 (60) | 43 (73) |
| No chronic condition | 35 (33) | 19 (40) | 16 (27) |
| Common chronic conditions | |||
| Seizures/epilepsy | 16 (15) | 8 (17) | 8 (14) |
| Congenital heart disease (corrected and uncorrected) | 11 (10) | 6 (13) | 5 (8) |
| Asthma | 11 (10) | 5 (11) | 6 (10) |
| Admission reasons, multiple allowed | |||
| Shock/hemodynamic instability | 39 (37) | 27 (58) | 12 (20) |
| Sepsis/infection | 30 (28) | 14 (30) | 16 (27) |
| Respiratory distress | 52 (49) | 22 (47) | 30 (51) |
| CNS symptoms | 10 (9) | 3 (6) | 7 (12) |
| Other | 26 (25) | 7 (15) | 19 (32) |
| Nephrotoxin medication exposuree | 43 (41) | 20 (43) | 23 (39) |
| Maximum percent fluid overload, median (range)f | 3 (−10, 110) | 2 (−10, 110) | 5 (−5, 100) |
| Respiratory support | |||
| None | 48 (45) | 19 (40) | 29 (49) |
| Noninvasive | 28 (26) | 13 (28) | 15 (25) |
| Invasive | 30 (28) | 15 (32) | 15 (25) |
| Vasopressor support | 31 (29) | 19 (40) | 12 (20) |
| ECMO | 2 (2) | 2 (4) | 0 (0) |
| Mortalityg | 6 (6) | 3 (6) | 3 (5) |
| Length of hospitalization <14 d | 84 (79) | 36 (77) | 48 (81) |
| Length of hospitalization ≥14 d | 12 (11) | 8 (17) | 4 (7) |
Data are presented as N (column percentages) except where indicated. CNS, central nervous system; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Only regional location provided to maintain anonymity of centers/patients.
Baseline creatinine was missing for 71 patients, and height was missing for four; so, accurate baseline eGFR is only available for 31 (29.2%) patients. The remainder of baseline creatinine values were estimated by standard estimating equations (Materials and Methods).
Missing n=1.
Peak serum creatinine on the basis of weekly ascertainment. Therefore, true maximum peak creatinine may have been missed, and this may underestimate the true peak creatinine during the child’s hospitalization.
Nephrotoxic medications are defined on the basis of the large pediatric quality improvement initiative, Nephrotoxic Injury Negated by Just in time Action (5).
Fluid overload = (net fluid in − net fluid out)/intensive care unit admit weight.
The 28-d hospital mortality (missing n=1).