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. 2021 Mar 30;21:262. doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-03737-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Technical roadmap of this research project

Note: inclusion criteria: singleton pregnancy, first antenatal visit is 4–12 weeks of gestation and aged 20 years and above. Exclusion criteria: multiple pregnancy, no definite time of last menstruation, have kidney and other endocrine diseases, combined with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and important organ dysfunction and those who can’t complete the follow-up. control group: non-GDM participants