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. 2021 Mar 31;18:47. doi: 10.1186/s12966-021-01113-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Path diagram showing the effects of the VPA intervention on an Executive Function (EF) latent variable. All coefficients are standardized except for the path coefficient for Group which is y-standardized (equivalent to Cohen’s d). The 95% robust (Huber-White) confidence interval (CI) is shown for the Group coefficient. The stratification variable (school gender-type, dummy coded) was included as a set of additional covariates but they are not shown in the model. The following correlations between residuals were included in the model (t₀ = pretest, t₁ = posttest): Flanker_{incon, t0} with Flanker_incon,t1 (0.34), Flanker_con,t0 with Flanker_{con, t1} (0.29), Switch_{nsw, t0} with Switch_{nsw, t1} (0.09), Flanker_{con, t0} with Flanker_{incon, t0} (0.39) Switch_{nsw, t0} with Switch_{sw, t0} (0.074), Flanker_{incon, t1} with Flanker_{con, t1} (0.41), 2-back_t1 with 2-back_t0 (0.38), but are not shown in the diagram. Abbreviations: EF = executive function, incon = incongruent, con = congruent, nsw = non-switch, sw = switch