Table 4.
Adjusted Probability of Outcomes for Children 5 Years and Youngera
| Adjusted Probability (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Uninsured | Medicaid | CHIP | Private Insurance |
| Preventive and specialty care | ||||
| Reported receiving ≥1 preventive medical visit | 0.80 (0.76–0.83) | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) |
| Reported having a personal physician or nurse | 0.79 (0.75–0.82) | 0.90 (0.88–0.92) | 0.91 (0.89–0.93) | 0.91 (0.89–0.92) |
| Reported receiving ≥1 preventive dental visitb | 0.35 (0.30–0.39) | 0.56 (0.52–0.59)c | 0.60 (0.56–0.64)c | 0.48 (0.46–0.50) |
| Reported having a usual source of health cared | 0.87 (0.83–0.91) | 0.93 (0.91–0.95)e | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) |
| Reported a problem seeing a specialistf | 0.31 (0.16–0.47) | 0.19 (0.14–0.24)e | 0.29 (0.20–0.38)g | 0.20 (0.17–0.23) |
| Reported a problem obtaining a referrald,f | 0.31 (0.15–0.48) | 0.09 (0.05–0.13)e,g | 0.19 (0.12–0.26) | 0.18 (0.13–0.22) |
| Unmet health care needs | ||||
| Reported an unmet medical need | 0.08 (0.05–0.11) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03)e | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | 0.03 (0.02–0.04) |
| Reported an unmet dental needb | 0.06 (0.04–0.08) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.03 (0.02–0.04) | 0.03 (0.02–0.03) |
| Reported insurance always meets child’s health care needsd | NA | 0.82 (0.78–0.85) | 0.83 (0.79–0.87)g | 0.78 (0.76–0.80) |
| Reported insurance always allows child to see needed health care providersd | NA | 0.86 (0.82–0.89) | 0.89 (0.87–0.92) | 0.87 (0.85–0.89) |
| Care coordination, satisfaction, and out-of-pocket costs | ||||
| Reported frustration obtaining health care servicesh | 0.57 (0.46–0.67) | 0.16 (0.13–0.20)g,i | 0.27 (0.22–0.32) | 0.21 (0.19–0.24) |
| Received effective care coordination when neededd,f | 0.55 (0.41–0.69) | 0.74 (0.69–0.80) | 0.65 (0.58–0.73) | 0.71 (0.66–0.75) |
| Received family-centered cared | 0.62 (0.55–0.70) | 0.72 (0.68–0.75) | 0.69 (0.65–0.74) | 0.72 (0.70–0.75) |
| Reported out-of-pocket costs for child’s health cared,j | NA | 0.21 (0.17–0.25)c,e | 0.27 (0.22–0.32)c | 0.71 (0.68–0.74) |
Abbreviations: CHIP, Children’s Health Insurance Program; NA, not applicable.
Derived from National Survey of Children’s Health data from 2003, 2007, and 2011–2012. Predicted probabilities were estimated from a logistic regression model with a robust variance estimator. All models adjusted for calendar year, child-level demographic and household characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, special health care needs, household income, household educational level, family structure, urbanicity as measured by metropolitan statistical area), and state-level characteristics (Medicaid-to-Medicare fee index, poverty rate, and unemployment rate). Estimates were weighted to represent the population of noninstitutionalized children 17 years and younger in 48 states and the District of Columbia.30
Models for dental health outcomes excluded children younger than 1 year.
Significantly different from private insurance; P < .01.
These questions were asked only in the 2007 and 2011–2012 National Surveys of Children’s Health.
Significantly different from CHIP; P < .05.
These questions were asked only for the subset of children who needed the service (ie, needed to see a specialist, needed a referral, or needed care coordination).
Significantly different from private insurance; P < .05.
This question was asked only in the 2011 National Survey of Children’s Health.
Significantly different from CHIP; P < .01.
Out-of-pocket costs do not include premiums or costs paid by insurance.