TABLE 1.
Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Diabetic Participants With Initial HbA1c > 7.0% at the Start of Study Observation by Achievement of Glycemic Control Status, DC Cohort 2011–2019 (N = 419)
| Achieved HbA1c <7% (N = 219) |
Did Not Achieve HbA1c <7% (N = 200) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual-Level Characteristics | Total Cohort (N = 419) | N (%) | N (%) | P |
| Age, median (IQR) | 54 (49–60) | 55 (50–60) | 54 (48–59) | 0.14 |
| Sex at birth | 0.58 | |||
| Male | 278 (66.3%) | 148 (67.6%) | 130 (65.0%) | |
| Female | 141 (33.7%) | 71 (32.4%) | 70 (35.0%) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.37 | |||
| NH black | 367(87.6%) | 194 (88.6%) | 173 (86.5%) | |
| All other races | 52 (12.4%) | 25 (11.4%) | 27 (13.5%) | |
| Body mass index | 0.98 | |||
| Normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 64 (15.3%) | 33 (15.1%) | 31 (15.5%) | |
| Overweight (25–30 kg/m2) | 112 (26.7%) | 60 (27.4%) | 52 (26.0%) | |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 210 (50.1%) | 108 (49.3%) | 102 (51.0%) | |
| Insurance status* | 0.10 | |||
| Private | 127 (30.3%) | 60 (27.4%) | 67 (33.5%) | |
| Public | 281(67.1%) | 157 (72.7%) | 124 (62.0%) | |
| Employment status | 0.27 | |||
| Employed | 99 (22.6%) | 46 (21.0%) | 53 (26.5%) | |
| Unemployed | 126 (30.1%) | 64 (29.2%) | 62 (31.0%) | |
| Others/unknown | 194 (46.3%) | 109 (49.8%) | 85 (42.5%) | |
| Housing status | 0.26 | |||
| Permanent | 346 (82.6%) | 177 (80.8%) | 169 (84.5%) | |
| Unstable/homeless | 34 (8.1%) | 17 (7.8%) | 17 (8.5%) | |
| Unknown | 39 (9.3%) | 25 (11.4%) | 14 (7.0%) | |
| DM diagnosis at enrollment† | 332 (79.2%) | 154 (70.3%) | 178 (89.0%) | <0.0001 |
| Median initial HbA1c measurement (IQR) | 8.5 (7.5–10.5) | 8.0 (7.4–9.1) | 9.3 (7.9–10.8) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes medication‡ | 0.03 | |||
| No medication | 178 (42.5%) | 101 (46.1%) | 77 (38.5%) | |
| Noninsulin medication only | 131 (31.3%) | 71 (32.4%) | 60 (30.0% | |
| Insulin only | 78 (18.6%) | 29 (13.3%) | 49 (24.5%) | |
| Both insulin and noninsulin medication | 32 (7.6%) | 18 (8.2%) | 14 (7.0%) | |
| History of ART associated with DM§ | 132 (31.5%) | 74 (33.8%) | 58 (29.0%) | 0.29 |
| Median HIV duration in yr (IQR) | 13.5 (7.3–18.1) | 14.9 (8.9–20.0) | 12.3 (6.3–17.4) | 0.01 |
| Transmission risk | 0.59 | |||
| MSM | 108 (25.8%) | 56 (25.6%) | 52 (26.0%) | |
| IDU | 46 (11.0%) | 28 (12.8%) | 18 (9.0%) | |
| Heterosexual | 184 (43.9%) | 96 (43.8%) | 88 (44.0%) | |
| Others/unknown | 81 (19.3%) | 39 (17.8%) | 42 (21.0%) | |
| AIDS diagnosis | 205 (48.9%) | 114 (52.1%) | 91 (45.5%) | 0.18 |
| Using any ART† | 371 (88.5%) | 190 (86.8%) | 181 (90.5%) | 0.23 |
| Use of a PI-based regimen‡ | 154 (36.8%) | 82 (37.4%) | 72 (36.0%) | 0.76 |
| Use of a NNRTI-based regimen‡ | 121 (28.9%) | 62 (28.3%) | 59 (29.5%) | 0.79 |
| Use of a INSTI-based regimen‡ | 168 (40.1%) | 80 (36.5%) | 88 (44.0%) | 0.12 |
| CD4 count (median, IQR) | 583.5 (391.5, 848) | 573(367, 834) | 593 (414, 859) | 0.36 |
| Nadir CD4 count (median, IQR) | 275 (102,428) | 251 (103, 409) | 294 (101.5, 462.5) | 0.23 |
| HIV viral load (median, IQR) | u (u, 40) | u (u, 32) | u (u, 40) | 0.76 |
| History of smoking at enrollment† | 225 (53.7%) | 122 (55.7%) | 103 (51.5%) | 0.39 |
| History of alcohol abuse at enrollment† | 109 (26.0%) | 59 (26.9%) | 50 (25.0%) | 0.30 |
| History of recreational drug use at enrollment† | 133 (31.7%) | 80 (36.5%) | 53 (26.5%) | 0.03 |
| History of IV drug use at enrollment† | 62 (14.8%) | 39 (17.8%) | 23 (11.5%) | 0.07 |
| Evidence of hypertension∥ | 376 (89.7%) | 191 (87.2%) | 185 (92.5%) | 0.08 |
| Evidence of dyslipidemia∥ | 255 (60.9%) | 128 (58.5%) | 127 (63.5%) | 0.29 |
| Evidence of hypothyroidism¶ | 17 (4.0%) | 5 (2.3%) | 12 (6.0%) | 0.12 |
| Evidence of chronic renal failure¶ | 99 (23.6%) | 54 (24.66%) | 45 (22.5%) | 0.60 |
| Evidence of chronic hepatitis C# | 53 (12.7%) | 32 (14.6%) | 21 (10.5%) | 0.21 |
| Evidence of anxiety/stress disorder# | 62 (14.8%) | 35 (16.0%) | 27 (13.5%) | 0.47 |
| Evidence of depression¶ | 103 (24.6%) | 50 (22.8%) | 53 (26.5%) | 0.38 |
Bold indicates P<0.05.
Public insurance includes Medicare, Medicaid, and other public insurances.
Variable assessed at enrollment into the DC Cohort.
Variable was updated as it changed throughout the analysis. Table shows the initial values at the start of observation.
Stavudine, zidovudine, didanosine, indinavir, or saquinavir. Previous use of these ART drugs obtained through a chart review of prescription records at enrollment.
Participants were defined as having the comorbidity if the participant met at least one of 3 criteria: (1) an ICD-9 or ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 9th or 10th Revision) code that indicated a diagnosis, (2) a drug prescription suggesting receipt of treatment, or (3) based on clinical or laboratory results indicating disease onset.
Participant was determined to have the condition if the participant either had an ICD-9 or ICD-10 code that indicated a diagnosis or based on clinical or laboratory results indicating disease onset.
Participant was determined to have the condition if the participant either had an ICD-9 or ICD-10 code that indicated a diagnosis.
IDU, male or female injection drug user; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor; IQR, interquartile range; IV, intravenous; MSM, men who have sex with men; NH, non-Hispanic; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; PWH, people with HIV.