TABLE 2.
Individual-Level Factors Associated With Achieving Glycemic Control in PWH With DM With Initial HbA1c >7.0% Measurement at the Start of Study Observation, DC Cohort 2011–2019
| Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|
| Age (per 5 yrs) | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.11) |
| Sex at birth (female vs. male) | 0.88 (0.74 to 1.04) |
| Race/ethnicity (all other races vs. NH black) | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.40) |
| BMI at start of observation | |
| Overweight (25–30 kg/m2) vs. normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 0.99 (0.53 to 1.86) |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) vs. normal weight (<25 kg/m2) | 0.98 (0.60 to 1.60) |
| Insurance status (public/unknown vs. private) | 0.97 (0.68 to 1.37) |
| Employment status (unemployed/unknown vs. employed) | 1.15 (0.84 to 1.58) |
| Housing status (unstable/homeless vs. permanent) | 1.14 (0.87 to 1.42) |
| DM diagnosis at enrollment (no vs. yes) | 2.65 (1.65 to 4.25) |
| Initial HbA1c measurement (per 1%) | 0.78 (0.71 to 0.87) |
| DM medication use | |
| Noninsulin medication only vs. no medication | 1.52 (1.13 to 2.04) |
| Insulin only vs. no medication | 0.76 (0.53 to 1.09) |
| Both insulin and noninsulin medication vs. no medication | 0.98 (0.48 to 2.01) |
| History of ART associated with DM (yes vs. no) | 1.04 (0.73 to 1.49) |
| Length of HIV duration in yr (per 5 yrs) | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.26) |
| Transmission risk | |
| Heterosexual vs. MSM | 0.86 (0.60 to 1.23) |
| IDU vs. MSM | 1.11 (0.76 to 1.60) |
| Others/not reported vs. MSM | 0.88 (0.64 to 1.21) |
| AIDS diagnosis at enrollment (yes vs. no) | 1.21 (0.87 to 1.68) |
| Using any ART (no vs. yes) | 0.96 (0.66 to 1.40) |
| Use of a PI (no vs. yes) | 1.02 (0.76 to 1.38) |
| Use of a NNRTI (no vs. yes) | 0.98 (0.85 to 1.14) |
| Use of a INSTI (no vs. yes) | 1.12 (0.85 to 1.48) |
| CD4 count at start of observation (per 100 cells/mm3) | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.02) |
| Nadir CD4 count at start of observation (per 100 cells/mm3) | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.04) |
| Viral suppression (>200 copies/mL) at the start of observation (no vs. yes) | 1.00 (0.68 to 1.48) |
| Known history of smoking (yes vs. no) | 1.04 (0.78 to 1.36) |
| Known history of alcohol abuse (yes vs. no) | 0.94 (0.64 to 1.39) |
| Known history of recreational drug use (yes vs. no) | 1.30 (1.06 to 1.60) |
| Known history of IV drug use (yes vs. no) | 1.34 (0.89 to 2.01) |
| Hypertension (yes vs. no) | 0.73 (0.56 to 0.95) |
| Dyslipidemia (yes vs. no) | 0.90 (0.70 to 1.14) |
| Hypothyroidism (yes vs. no) | 0.72 (0.40 to 1.27) |
| Chronic hepatitis C (yes vs. no) | 1.18 (0.84 to 1.66) |
| Chronic kidney disease (yes vs. no) | 1.10 (0.87 to 1.39) |
| Anxiety/stress disorder (yes vs. no) | 1.26 (0.91 to 1.75) |
| Depression (yes vs. no) | 0.85 (0.69 to 1.04) |
Diabetes medication use and ART medication use are time-updated based on evidence that a prescription was ended or a new prescription was prescribed.
Bold indicates P<0.05.
BMI, body mass index; IDU, male or female injection drug user; INSTI, integrase strand transfer inhibitor; MSM, men who have sex with men; NH, non-Hispanic; NNRTI, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI, protease inhibitor; PWH, people with HIV.