TABLE 4.

Final Multilevel Model of Individual-Level and Clinic-Level Factors Associated With Glycemic Control Status, DC Cohort, 2011–2019

	Adjusted HR (95% CI)*
Individual level
Age (per 5 yrs)	1.04 (0.97 to 1.11)
Sex at birth (female vs. male)	1.08 (0.93 to 127)
Race/ethnicity (all other races vs. NH black)	0.80 (0.51 to 1.28)
DM diagnosis at enrollment (no vs. yes)	2.43 (1.63 to 3.64)
Initial HbA1c measurement (per 1%)	0.83 (0.76 to 0.90)
DM medication use
Noninsulin medication only vs. no medication	1.32 (1.01 to 1.73)
Insulin only vs. no medication	1.13 (0.74 to 1.73)
Both insulin and noninsulin medication vs. no medication	1.35 (0.79 to 2.30)
Length of HIV duration in yr (per 5 yrs)	1.13 (1.01 to 1.26)
Known history of recreational drug use (yes vs. no)	1.48 (1.13 to 1.94)
Hypertension (yes vs. no)	0.64 (0.51 to 0.80)
Clinic level
At a clinic with an endocrinologist on staff (yes vs. no)	1.41 (1.01 to 1.97)
Treatment for diabetes at the clinic
Clinic treats most patients with DM at the HIV clinic but does refer some patients to another clinic within the institution	Ref
Clinic treats most patients with DM at the HIV clinic and does not refer patients to another clinic within the institution	1.52 (1.21 to 1.90)
Clinic does not treat most patients with DM at the HIV clinic but refers most patients to another clinic within the institution	2.24 (1.63 to 3.07)
At a clinic with a smoking cessation program (yes vs. no)	1.33 (1.01 to 1.75)
At a clinic with urgent care services (yes vs. no)	1.49 (1.04 to 2.13)

Each point estimate reported in this table is the aHR with all other individual-level and clinic-level factors included in the model.

Bold indicates P<0.05.

^*The overall significance of the model had a P value of < 0.0001 based on the empirical Wald test.