. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychol Bull. 2020 Jul 23;146(10):831–871. doi: 10.1037/bul0000271

Table 3.

Total Mean Association Between Sexual Orientation Concealment and Mental Health Problems (k = 193; n = 92,236)

Measure	M ES_r^a,b based on study averages	95% confidence interval	p ES_r^b	M ES_r^a,b using robust variance estimation	95% confidence interval	df	Total number of ES	p ES_r^b	Heterogeneity χ²	p χ²	τ²	I²
Any mental health problem (k = 193)	0.106	[0.079, 0.134]	<.001	0.116	[0.093, 0.141]	192	430	<.001	3763.84	<.001	0.0325	94.9%
Internalizing mental health problems	0.123	[0.103, 0.144]	<.001	0.126	[0.102, 0.151]	187	396	<.001	3165.36	<.001	0.0242	91.8%
Depression (k = 121)	0.101	[0.067, 0.133]	<.001	0.113	[0.076, 0.148]	120	179	<.001	1902.44	<.001	0.0296	93.7%
Anxiety (k = 67)	0.126	[0.092, 0.160]	<.001	0.134	[0.088, 0.180]	66	120	<.001	443.86	<.001	0.0153	85.1%
General psychological distress (k = 65)	0.155	[0.122, 0.189]	<.001	0.163	[0.122, 0.204]	64	84	<.001	504.89	<.001	0.0154	87.3%
Problematic eating (k = 7)	0.176	[0.083, 0.266]	<.001	0.168	[0.043, 0.288]	6	13	0.017	37.18	<.001	0.0134	83.9%
Substance use problems
Substance use problems (k = 20)	−0.056	[−0.093, −0.020]	0.002	−0.061	[−0.096, −0.026]	19	34	0.002	61.24	<.001	0.0033	70.6%

Notes. ES = effect size.

Positive effect sizes indicate a positive association between concealment and mental health problems; negative effect sizes indicate a negative association between concealment and mental health problems.

Effect size based on average correlations across studies.