Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of ARIC study participants at visit 6 (2016–2017), by quartiles of growth derived factor (GDF)-15.
| GDF-15 Quartiles |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Q1 (470.1-1285 pg/mL) (n = 950) | Q2 (1286-1703 pg/mL) (n = 947) | Q3 (1704-2432 pg/mL) (n = 949) | Q4 (2433-17254 pg/mL)) (n = 946) | P-value |
| Age, mean (SD) | 77.5 (3.7) | 79.2 (4.4) | 80.5 (5.0) | 81.1 (5.0) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 658 (69.3%) | 596 (62.9%) | 513 (54.1%) | 465 (49.2%) | <0.001 |
| Race/Center, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Whites, Forsyth Co. | 196 (20.6%) | 215 (22.7%) | 214 (22.6%) | 200 (21.1%) | |
| Whites, Minneapolis | 310 (32.6%) | 288 (30.4%) | 277 (29.2%) | 242 (25.6%) | |
| Whites, Washington Co. | 196 (20.6%) | 238 (25.1%) | 242 (25.5%) | 307 (32.5%) | |
| Blacks, Forsyth Co. | 22 (2.3%) | 19 (2.0%) | 8 (0.8%) | 14 (1.5%) | |
| Blacks, Jackson | 226 (23.8%) | 187 (19.7%) | 208 (21.9%) | 183 (19.3%) | |
| Drinking status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Current | 539 (57.7%) | 478 (51.9%) | 432 (45.6%) | 396 (43.0%) | |
| Former | 225 (24.1%) | 245 (26.6%) | 283 (30.5%) | 335 (36.4%) | |
| Never | 171 (18.3%) | 198 (21.5%) | 213 (23.0%) | 189 (20.5%) | |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 49 (5.2%) | 54 (5.9%) | 74 (8.0%) | 82 (8.9%) | 0.005 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 134.8 (18.5) | 135.3 (18.0) | 134.9 (18.7) | 135.6 (20.0) | 0.78 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 69.6 (10.4) | 68.3 (10.2) | 67.1 (10.1) | 65.6 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 665 (71.7%) | 735 (78.9%) | 759 (81.4%) | 806 (87.4%) | <0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive medication use, n (%) | 618 (65.5%) | 701 (74.6%) | 764 (80.9%) | 833 (88.5%) | <0.001 |
| HbA1C, % | 5.8 (0.6) | 5.9 (0.8) | 6.0 (0.9) | 6.3 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 100.6 (18.0) | 103.8 (27.4) | 107.0 (29.3) | 113.3 (30.8) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 108.8 (54.4) | 110.2 (51.1) | 116.0 (54.7) | 123.5 (70.3) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 185.5 (38.2) | 177.2 (39.9) | 172.4 (39.3) | 161.8 (40.6) | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 56.2 (13.7) | 53.6 (14.2) | 51.3 (13.9) | 47.8 (13.0) | <0.001 |
| eGFR-cr, mean (SD) | 76.3 (12.4) | 70.1 (13.7) | 65.2 (15.8) | 54.4 (19.2) | <0.001 |
| Prevalent CVD, n (%) | 118 (12.4%) | 170 (18.0%) | 236 (24.9%) | 341 (36.1%) | <0.001 |
| Prevalent heart failure, n (%) | 42 (4.4%) | 56 (5.9%) | 81 (8.5%) | 187 (19.8%) | |
| Waist circumference, inches | 38.3 (5.2) | 39.3 (5.4) | 40.1 (5.5) | 40.5 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.7 (5.3) | 28.4 (5.4) | 28.5 (5.5) | 28.4 (5.4) | 0.010 |
| Obese, n (%) | 279 (29.6%) | 321 (34.3%) | 297 (31.8%) | 306 (33.3%) | 0.16 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 195 (20.9%) | 251 (27.3%) | 312 (34.0%) | 525 (58.1%) | <0.001 |
| Metformin Use n (%) | 22 (2.3%) | 64 (6.8%) | 114 (12.0%) | 254 (26.8%) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome components, n (%) | 501 (52.7%) | 566 (59.8%) | 622 (65.5%) | 710 (75.1%) | <0.001 |
| Increased triglycerides | 530 (55.8%) | 557 (58.8%) | 612 (64.5%) | 694 (73.4%) | <0.001 |
| Increased blood pressure | 797 (83.9%) | 847 (89.4%) | 867 (91.4%) | 892 (94.3%) | <0.001 |
| Increased glucose | 371 (39.1%) | 418 (44.2%) | 463 (48.9%) | 572 (60.6%) | <0.001 |
| Low HDL-cholesterol | 219 (23.1%) | 269 (28.5%) | 330 (34.8%) | 405 (42.9%) | <0.001 |
| Large waist circumference | 577 (62.2%) | 621 (68.2%) | 610 (67.7%) | 612 (70.1%) | 0.003 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 340 (46.1%) | 349 (52.2%) | 353 (58.4%) | 217 (57.4%) | <0.001 |
Values are mean±SD for continuous variables, and n (%) for categorical variables. BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; Metabolic syndrome was estimated among those without diabetes (n = 2390).
To convert glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol from mg/dL to mmol/L multiply by 0.0555, 0.0113, 0.0259, and 0.0259, respectively.