Table 3.
Association of growth derived factor (GDF)-15 with cardiometabolic outcomes among ARIC study participants at visit 6 (2016–2017).
| Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Models | GDF-15 quartiles | Diabetes | Obesity | Prevalent ASCVD | Prevalent HF | High TnT (hscTnT ≥ 31 ng/L for male and hscTnT ≥ 17 ng/L for female) | High NT-proBNP (BNP ≥ 300 pg/mL) |
| Model 1 | Q1 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Q2 | 1.60 (1.28, 1.99) | 1.44 (1.18, 1.76) | 1.31 (0.99, 1.72) | 1.31 (0.87, 1.98) | 1.74 (1.24, 2.46) | 1.45 (1.14, 1.86) | |
| Q3 | 2.33 (1.87, 2.90) | 1.41 (1.15, 1.74) | 1.80 (1.38, 2.35) | 1.84 (1.24, 2.73) | 2.72 (1.95, 3.78) | 1.98 (1.55, 2.52) | |
| Q4 | 6.77 (5.41, 8.48) | 1.57 (1.28, 1.94) | 2.46 (1.90, 3.20) | 4.96 (3.45, 7.14) | 8.06 (5.88, 11.05) | 4.78 (3.77, 6.05) | |
| Model 2 | Q1 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Q2 | 1.41 (1.11, 1.79) | 1.28 (1.03, 1.60) | 1.21 (0.90, 1.63) | 1.08 (0.69, 1.69) | 1.13 (0.78, 1.63) | 1.12 (0.85, 1.48) | |
| Q3 | 1.78 (1.40, 2.26) | 1.03 (0.82, 1.29) | 1.48 (1.11, 1.98) | 1.47 (0.96, 2.24) | 1.36 (0.95, 1.97) | 1.21 (0.91, 1.60) | |
| Q4 | 4.86 (3.80, 6.21) | 0.89 (0.70, 1.14) | 1.58 (1.17, 2.13) | 3.20 (2.13, 4.82) | 2.28 (1.55, 3.35) | 2.03 (1.49, 2.77) | |
| Model 3 | Q1 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
| Q2 | 1.12 (0.87, 1.45) | 1.27* (1.02, 1.58) | 1.21 (0.89, 1.63) | 1.08 (0.69, 1.69) | 1.13 (0.78, 1.63) | 1.11 (0.85, 1.47) | |
| Q3 | 1.17 (0.90, 1.53) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) | 1.47 (1.10, 1.97) | 1.47 (0.96, 2.25) | 1.36 (0.95, 1.96) | 1.19 (0.90, 1.58) | |
| Q4 | 2.48 (1.89, 3.26) | 0.84 (0.65, 1.07) | 1.57 (1.16, 2.11) | 3.22 (2.13, 4.85) | 2.27 (1.54, 3.34) | 1.98 (1.46, 2.70) | |
| Model 4 | Q1 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
| Q2 | 1.10 (0.85, 1.43) | 1.26 (1.01, 1.58) | 1.19 (0.88, 1.60) | 1.05 (0.67, 1.64) | |||
| Q3 | 1.14 (0.88, 1.49) | 0.97 (0.77, 1.23) | 1.42 (1.06, 1.90) | 1.36 (0.89, 2.10) | |||
| Q4 | 2.23 (1.68, 2.96) | 0.88 (0.68, 1.13) | 1.27 (0.93, 1.74) | 2.19 (1.43, 3.37) | |||
ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, HF: heart failure, hs-cTnT: High-sensitive cardiac troponin T, NT-proBNP: NT-proB-type Natriuretic Peptide.
Model 1 adjusts for age, sex, and race-center.
Model 2a (diabetes outcome): Model 1 + current smoking, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medications, use of cholesterol lowering medications, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and body mass index; Model 2 b (obesity outcome): Model 1 + current smoking, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medications, use of cholesterol lowering medications, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and diabetes status; Model 2c (ASCVD or HF): outcomes includes for Model 1 + current smoking, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medications, use of cholesterol lowering medications, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, BMI, and diabetes status; Model 2d: (increased hsTnT or BNP): Model 1 + current smoking, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medications, use of cholesterol lowering medications, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index, diabetes status, eGFR and prevalent CVD/HF.
Model 3 adjusts for Model 2 + C-reactive protein—Model 3 for the diabetes outcome adjusts for Model2 + C reactive protein+ metformin use.
Model 4a (diabetes, ASCVD and HF): Model 3 + hs-cTnT and NT-proBNP.
Model 4 b (obesity): Model 3 + adiponectin (Visit 5).