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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 31.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Toxicol Chem. 2020 Jan;39(1):85–100. doi: 10.1002/etc.4570

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Examples of non-linear relationships between TMFs and metal toxicity. A) Relationship between pH and Al toxicity to Raphidocelis subcapitata (DOC = 4 mg l−1, hardness = 22 (blue), 60 (red), and 120 (green) mg l−1 (DeForest et al. 2018), B) Relationship between organic-complexed Cu and Cu toxicity to Pimephales promelas (Erickson et al. 1987), C) Relationship between hardness and Cu toxicity to P. promelas (Erickson et al. 1987), D) Relationship between Na concentrations and Cu toxicity to P. promelas (Erickson et al. 1987).