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Residuals for Pimephales promelas based on the pooled Cu MLR in Brix et al. (2017) plotted as a function of A) observed LC50s, B) DOC, C) pH, and D) hardness. Note the similar structure in model residuals as a function of LC50 and hardness. This suggests that the pooled model is over-predicting the effect of hardness on Cu toxicity to P. promelas.
