Table 3.
Beta Coefficients (95% CIs) for the Associations Between Food Security, CVD Risk Factors, and Adiposity
| Variable | Full food security | Marginal food security | Low food security | Very low food security |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | ||||
| Full adult sample, n | 9,029 | 1,726 | 1,544 | 1,219 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | ref | 0.94 (0.09, 1.80) | 0.25 (−0.99, 1.48) | 0.89 (−0.67, 2.45) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | ref | 0.21 (−0.48, 0.89) | 0.25 (−0.70, 1.20) | 0.88 (−0.26, 2.03) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | ref | −0.59 (−2.73, 1.54) | 3.23 (−0.28, 6.74) | 4.04 (−0.51, 8.59) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | ref | −0.93 (−1.93, 0.08) | −0.08 (−1.20, 1.05) | −0.82 (−2.02, 0.39) |
| BMI | ref | 0.76 (0.26, 1.26) | 0.97 (0.34, 1.60) | 1.03 (0.44, 1.63) |
| Waist circumference, cm | ref | 1.74 (0.55, 2.93) | 2.20 (0.74, 3.66) | 2.22 (0.80, 3.66) |
| Smoking status (current smoker) | ref | 1.43 (1.17, 1.75) | 1.47 (1.22, 1.77) | 1.95 (1.60, 2.37) |
| Fasting adult subsample, n | 4,396 | 817 | 753 | 528 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | ref | 4.93 (−3.59, 13.46) | 6.06 (−2.36, 14.48) | 8.00 (−0.17, 16.16) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | ref | −1.06 (−4.32, 2.20) | 1.81 (−1.50, 5.13) | 5.14 (−0.55, 10.83) |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | ref | 0.21 (−2.92, 3.33) | 2.44 (−0.51, 5.39) | 2.39 (−1.72, 6.50) |
| Males | ||||
| Full adult sample, n | 4,601 | 822 | 730 | 577 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | ref | 1.06 (−0.45, 2.57) | −0.61 (−2.28, 1.06) | 1.79 (−0.58, 4.17) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | ref | −0.19 (−1.16, 0.77) | −0.42 (−1.71, 0.87) | 1.18 (−0.50, 2.86) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | ref | 2.66 (−3.13, 8.44) | 6.93 (1.16, 12.70) | −0.03 (−8.16, 8.09) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | ref | −0.06 (−1.37, 1.25) | 0.41 (−1.05, 1.86) | −0.24 (−1.76, 1.29) |
| BMI | ref | 0.45 (−0.27, 1.17) | 0.25 (−0.47, 1.96) | 0.76 (−0.05, 1.56) |
| Waist circumference, cm | ref | 1.10 (−0.55, 2.75) | 0.71 (−1.14, 2.56) | 2.11 (0.07, 4.15) |
| Smoking status (current smoker) | ref | 1.38 (1.07, 1.78) | 1.41 (1.11, 1.78) | 1.88 (1.47, 2.39) |
| Fasting adult subsample, n | 2,152 | 369 | 358 | 235 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | ref | 5.77 (−9.53, 21.08) | 7.21 (−5.02, 19.44) | 6.48 (−7.02, 19.98) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | ref | −1.67 (−6.63, 3.29) | 3.01 (−2.48, 8.51) | 5.48 (−3.28, 14.25) |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | ref | 2.13 (−2.87, 7.14) | 0.52 (−3.42, 4.46) | 2.43 (−1.75, 6.62) |
| Females | ||||
| Full adult sample, n | 4,428 | 904 | 814 | 642 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | ref | 0.86 (−0.21, 1.93) | 1.05 (−0.41, 2.51) | 0.00 (−1.62, 1.62) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | ref | 0.60 (−0.33, 1.52) | 0.93 (−0.18, 2.03) | 0.68 (−0.74, 2.10) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | ref | −0.59 (−2.73, 1.54) | 3.23 (−0.28, 6.74) | 4.04 (−0.51, 8.59) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | ref | −1.56 (−3.02, −0.09) | −0.48 (−1.84, 0.88) | −1.22 (−3.17, 0.72) |
| BMI | ref | 1.03 (0.41, 1.65) | 1.65 (0.81, 1.96) | 1.30 (0.45, 2.15) |
| Waist circumference, cm | ref | 2.18 (0.73, 3.63) | 3.61 (1.77, 5.46) | 2.33 (0.34, 4.33) |
| Smoking status (current smoker) | ref | 1.52 (1.18, 1.97) | 1.56 (1.22, 1.99) | 2.02 (1.49, 2.74) |
| Fasting adult subsample, n | 2,244 | 448 | 395 | 293 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | ref | 3.76 (−4.42, 11.95) | 5.89 (−3.07, 14.85) | 9.36 (0.97, 17.76) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | ref | −0.50 (−4.85, 3.85) | 0.74 (−3.69, 5.18) | 4.75 (−0.60, 10.11) |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | ref | −1.47 (−4.23, 1.28) | 4.53 (0.37, 8.68) | 2.16 (−4.36, 8.69) |
Note: Reported as point estimate (CI). All models were adjusted for sex (except sex-specific models); race; age; education; marital status; household income; household SNAP participation; smoking status (except smoking model); and physical activity. Smoking status was estimated as the odds of being a current smoker. Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.