Table 1. Summary of the included articles (N = 14) with an overview of the quality scores, sample characteristics, experimental protocols, examined parameters and major results.

Study reference, discipline, quality and focus	Subjects	Experimental protocol	Parameters examined	Major results
Ball et al. (2003) Air-rifle 68% Technic-coordination	Sample: 6 Sex: 4 men + 2 women Age: 22,2 ± 2,6 yrs Skill: Elite Experience: -Shot score: 10.1 ± 0.3	Test: 10m, 20 shots, standing Conditions: AMTI force plates; SCATT system	Shot score Rifle stability Aiming accuracy COP length and range in ML- and AP-direction [mm] 5-0s, 3-0s, 1-0s before shot release	Relationship between body sway and shot score on an intra-individual level but not on an inter-individual level Relationship between body sway and rifle stability on an intra-individual level but not on inter-individual level
Era et al. (1996) Small-bore 36% Technic-coordination	Sample: 24 Sex: 21 men + 3 women Age: 30.1 ± 5.7 yrs Skill: Elite (9) + Nat (8) + + Novices (7) Experience: Elite (10–16 yrs), Nat (12 yrs) Shot score: -	Test: 18m, 100–200 shots dry-firing, standing Conditions: Kistler force plates; Noptel system	Shot score COF velocity, maximum amplitude, moment of velocity in AP- and ML-direction in 1.5s windows, starting 7.5-5s before shot release	Body sway differentiated between skill levels No relationship between body sway and shot score in elite- and national-level shooters Body sway correlated with shot score in novices
Ihalainen et al. (2016) Air-rifle 56% Technic-coordination	Sample: 40 Sex: 18 men + 22 women Age: - Skill: Elite (19)+ Nat (21) Experience: - Shot scores: -	Test: 10m, 40/60 shots, standing 319 analyzed tests with 13797 shots over a period of five years Conditions: Good balance force plates, Noptel system	Shot score Rifle stability, aiming accuracy, cleanness of triggering, aiming time, timing of triggering COP location in ML- and AP-direction 7-2s, 2-0s, 1-0s before shot release	Rifle stability, aiming accuracy, cleanness of triggering and body sway (ML) 7-2s and 1-0s before shot release differentiated between skill levels Rifle stability, aiming accuracy, cleanness of triggering and aiming time correlated with the mean shot score in elite- and national-level athletes Timing of triggering did not correlate with shot score Body sway (AP) correlated with the mean shot score 1-0s before shot release in elite-level athletes Body sway (AP) correlated with horizontal rifle stability 2-0s, 1-0s; Body sway (ML) correlated with vertical rifle stability in all time intervals; Body sway (AP) correlated with horizontal rifle stability 1-0s Regression analysis: Holding stability, aiming accuracy, cleanness of triggering and timing of triggering explained 81% of variance of the shooting score–holding stability explained 54% of variance
Ihalainen et al. (2016b) Air-rifle 66% Technic-coordination	Sample: 17 Sex: 8 men + 9 women Age: 25 ± 6 yrs Skill: Elite Experience: 14 ± 5 yrs Shot score: 10.25 ± 0.14; 10.30 ± 0.08; 10.30 ± 0.07 (season 1–3)	Tests: 10m, 40/60 shots, standing in sim. comp. 15 ± 7 competitions in three years and 11433 analyzed shots Conditions: Good balance force plates, Noptel system	Shot score Rifle stability, aiming accuracy, cleanness of triggering, aiming time, timing of triggering COP location in ML- and AP-direction 7-2s, 2-0s, 1-0s before shot release	Horizontal rifle stability, aiming accuracy and cleanness of triggering correlated with the mean and maximum competition shot score; timing of triggering did not Body sway (ML) correlated with mean and maximum competition shot score during all time intervals before shot release Body sway (AP) correlated with the mean and maximum shot score 1-0s before shot release Body sway (ML+AP) correlated with horizontal rifle stability during all time intervals before shot release Body sway (ML+AP) correlated with cleanness of triggering during all time intervals; except for 7-2s in AP
Ihalainen et al. (2017) Air-rifle 67% Technic-coordination	Sample: 13 Sex: 5 men + 8 women Age: - Skill: Nat (10) + Junior (3) Experience: - Shot score: 10.31 ± 0.13 vs. 10.14 ± 0.17 (training vs. competition)	Tests: 10m, 40 shots, standing Conditions: Good balance force plates, Noptel system	Shot score Rifle stability, aiming accuracy, cleanness of triggering, timing of triggering COP location in ML- and AP-direction 7-2s, 2-0s, 1-0s before shot release	Horizontal rifle stability correlated with shot score in training but not in competition Aiming accuracy was related to shot score in training and competition Vertical rifle stability, cleanness of triggering, timing of triggering and postural balance (AP + ML) in all time intervals were not correlated with the mean training and competition shot score Mean shot score, horizontal and vertical rifle stability, aiming accuracy, cleanness of triggering, body sway (ML) in all time intervals and body sway (AP) 1-0s performance differ between training and competition Absolute change in horizontal rifle stability, aiming accuracy and cleanness of triggering correlated with the absolute change of the mean shot score from training to competition
Konttinen & Lyttinen (1992) Small-bore 30% Physiology	Sample: 6 Sex: 5 men + 1 woman Age: 23–44 yrs (nat); 24–41 yrs (novices) Skill: Nat + Novices (3+3) Experience: - Shot score: -	Tests: 18m, 2x300 shots, standing Conditions: ECG	Shot score Heart rate Breathing pattern	Heart rate and breathing pattern did not correlate with shot score Heart rate and breathing pattern did not differentiate between skill levels
Konttinen et al. (1998) Small-bore 57% Technic-coordination, Physiology	Sample: 12 Sex: 12 men Age: Elite: 32.3 yrs (26–44), Nat: 30.2 yrs (21–34) Skill: Elite + Nat (6+6) Experience: 15.8 (Elite), 13.3 (Nat) Shot score: -	Tests: 10m, 200 shots (100 dry-firing), standing, 18m Conditions: Noptel system, ECG, EMG	Shot score Rifle stability Location of triggering Muscle activity of the trapezius deltoid, brachioradialis and palmaris longus muscles	Heart rate and rifle stability differentiated between skill levels Heart rate patterns were not related to shot score Heart did not correlate with shot score Upper body muscle activity and heart rate correlated with rifle stability
Konttinen et al. (2003) Air-rifle 60% Technic-coordination, Physiology	Sample: 20 Sex: 20 men Age: 26.8 ± 2.5 yrs Skill: Novices Experience: - Shot score: -	Tests: 10m, 200 shots (100 dry-firing), standing Conditions: Noptel system, ECG	Shot score Location of triggering	Shooters prefer triggering in the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle Location of triggering was related to shooting score
Kuitunen et al. (2013) Air-rifle 50% Technic-coordination	Sample: 15 Sex: 5 men + 10 women Age: - Skill: Elite (4) + Nat (11) Experience: - Shot score: -	Tests: 10m, 40/60 shots, standing, elite: 30 tests, national: 28 tests Conditions: Noptel system, force plate (Metitur)	Shot score Rifle stability, aiming accuracy, cleanness of triggering, SD of COP in ML- and AP-direction 7-2s, 2-0s, 0.5-0s before shot release	Horizontal and vertical rifle stability, aiming accuracy, aiming time, cleanness of triggering and body sway (ML) 7-2s, 0.5-0s before shot release differentiated between skill levels Horizontal and vertical rifle stability, aiming accuracy, aiming time and cleanness of triggering correlated with the mean shot score in national-level but not in elite-level athletes Body sway (ML+AP) correlated with the mean shot score in all time intervals in national-level but not in elite-level shooters
Landers et al. (1985) Small-bore 61% Psychology	Sample: 20 Sex: - Age: 18–25 yrs Skill: Nat (10) + Novices (10) Experience: - Shot score: -	Tests: 50m, 25 shots, sitting Conditions: ECG	Shot score Heart rate	Stress level (heart rate) was correlated with shot score
Mets et al. (2007) Air-rifle 57% Technic-coordination, Physiology	Sample: 20 Sex: 15 men + 5 women Age:16.1 ± 2.1 yrs Skill: Junior Experience: 5.9 ± 2.0 yrs Shot score: -	Tests: 10m, 200 shots dry-firing, standing Retention: 4-weeks Conditions: Noptel system, ECG	Shot score RR-interval length Location of triggering	Shooters prefer triggering in the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle Location of triggering and heart rate did not correlate with shot score Location of triggering did not correlate with heart rate
Mon et al. (2019) Air rifle 67% Anthropometry	Sample: 14 Sex: men + women Age: - Skill: Junior Experience: 46,75±20,92 months (male), 52,00±24,79 months (females) Shot score: 9.05 ± 0.62 (men); 9.47 ± 0.16 (women)	Tests: 10m, 40/60 shots, standing, competition Conditions: Kistler force plate	Shot score COP (displacement, velocity) in ML- and AP-direction	Body (ML + AP) sway did not correlate with mean shot score
Sade et al. (1990) Air-rifle 73% Psychology	Sample: 55 Sex: 37 men + 18 women Age: 28.7 ± 7.2 Skill: Elite (28), Nat (27) Experience: - Shot score: rounded over 7 competitions: Elite: 545.01 ± 15.41; Nat: 341.76 ± 16,78	Tests: 10m, 60 shots, standing, across 7 competitions Conditions: anxiety and self-control questionnaire	Shot score Anxiety and self-control score	Trait anxiety and self-control did not differentiate between skill level, but state anxiety did Trait anxiety and self-control correlated weakly with shot score State anxiety correlated with shot score
Selva & Jopseh (2017) Air-rifle 39% Technic-coordination	Sample: 6 Sex: 4 men+ 2 women Age: - Skill: Nat Experience: - Shot score: -	Tests: 10m, 40/60 shots, standing Conditions: pressure insoles	Shot score Body sway in ML- and AP-direction (SD of displacement velocity) Body weight distribution of left and right foot	Body weight distribution and body sway in ML- and AP-direction did not correlate with shot score

Yrs = years, COP = center of pressure, ML = medio-lateral, AP = anterior-posterior, Nat = National, COF = center of force, ECG = electrocardiogram, EMG = electromyogram, SD = standard deviation, RR = R wave to R wave.