Table 2. Influence of spectators on football matches based on data from season 2019/20.
| Dependent variable | Goals | Points | Expected Points | Shots | Shots on Target | Fouls | Yellow Cards | Red Cards |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of matches | 3,752 | 3,752 | 3,752 | 3,372 | 3,372 | 3,752 | 3,752 | 3,752 |
| Constant | 0.2256*** (0.0545) | 0.3248*** (0.0838) | 0.2836*** (0.0289) | 1.0422*** (0.2497) | 0.3767** (0.1147) | 0.2613 (0.1821) | 0.1511** (0.0562) | 0.0020 (0.0145) |
| Spectator | 0.0482 (0.0637) | 0.0633 (0.0935) | 0.1495*** (0.0318) | 1.3412*** (0.2902) | 0.4146** (0.1333) | -0.7426*** (0.1979) | -0.4788*** (0.0657) | -0.0340* (0.0170) |
| Estimated differences by the model | ||||||||
| With spectators | 0.2738 | 0.3881 | 0.4331 | 2.3834 | 0.7913 | -0.4813 | -0.3277 | -0.0320 |
| Without spectator | 0.2256 | 0.3248 | 0.2836 | 1.0422 | 0.3767 | 0.2613 | 0.1511 | 0.0020 |
| Reduction by spectators | 17.6% | 16.3% | 34.5% | 56.3% | 52.4% | 154,3% | 146.1% | 106,3% |
The table reports the results for a linear mixed regression model including Spectator as fixed effect and controlling for League as random effect.
* p < 0.05,
** p < 0.01,
*** p < 0.001