Table 3. Influence of spectators and season on football matches based on seasons 2010/11–2019/20.
| Dependent variable | Goals | Points | Expected Points | Shots | Shots on Target | Fouls | Yellow Cards | Red Cards |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of matches | 37,888 | 37,888 | 37,888 | 21,714 | 21,714 | 25,270 | 25,270 | 25,270 |
| Constant | 0.2241*** (0.0553) | 0.3219*** (0.0817) | 0.2804*** (0.0298) | 1.029*** (0.2639) | 0.3729** (0.1222) | 0.2510 (0.2018) | 0.1510** (0.0552) | 0.0021 (0.0142) |
| Spectator | 0.1079 (0.0564) | 0.1519 (0.0833) | 0.1399*** (0.0278) | 1.399*** (0.2729) | 0.4577*** (0.1264) | -0.5890*** (0.1774) | -0.4470*** (0.0571) | -0.0334* (0.0149) |
| Season | -0.0045 (0.0032) | -0.0066 (0.0047) | -0.0062*** (0.0016) | -0.0552* (0.0219) | -0.0306** (0.0101) | -0.0094 (0.0131) | 0.0036 (0.0040) | -0.0000 (0.0010) |
| Estimated differences by the model | ||||||||
| With spectators (10/11) | 0.3724 | 0.5330 | 0.4764 | 2.8915 | 1.106 | -0.2536 | -0.2640 | -0.0334 |
| With spectators (19/20) | 0.3320 | 0.4738 | 0.4203 | 2.4280 | 0.8306 | -0.3380 | -0.2960 | -0.0313 |
| Reduction by seasons | 10.9% | 11.1% | 11.8% | 16.0% | 24.9% | -33.3% | -12.1% | -2.5% |
| Without spectators (19/20) | 0.2241 | 0.3219 | 0.2804 | 1.029 | 0.3729 | 0.2510 | 0.1510 | 0.0021 |
| Reduction by spectators | 32.5% | 32.1% | 33.3% | 57.6% | 55.1% | 174.3% | 151.0% | 106.6% |
The table reports the results for a linear mixed regression model including Spectator and Season as fixed effects and controlling for League as random effect.
* p < 0.05,
** p < 0.01,
*** p < 0.001.