Table 1.

Demographic Characteristics and Descriptive Statistics of Key Variables by State

Variable	Overall	PA	NC	χ2 or T score	Range
Demographic characteristics at 6 months
Mother married	42%	60%	41%	38.85*
Mother African American	41%	3%	67%	443.38*
Mother employed	53%	54%	52%	0.74
Maternal age (years)	26.33 (5.90)	27.27 (6.00)	25.66 (5.75)	−4.57*	14.70–26.33
Maternal education (years)	14.49 (2.82)	15.04 (2.88)	14.10 (2.71)	−5.58*	6–22
Children in home	2.20 (1.10)	2.11 (1.04)	2.26 (1.14)	2.29*	1–8
Key study variables
Income-to-needs ratio, 6 months	1.77 (1.64)	2.24 (1.93)	1.43 (1.30)	−7.98*	0–15.95
Economic pressure, 6 months	13.74 (4.22)	12.87 (4.08)	14.37 (4.22)	6.01*	6–26
Income-to-needs ratio, 15 months	1.78 (1.68)	2.24 (1.91)	1.45 (1.40)	−7.60*	0–16.76
Economic pressure, 15 months	13.44 (4.17)	12.61 (3.94)	14.03 (4.23)	5.70*	6–26
Income-to-needs ratio, 24 months	1.87 (1.72)	2.34 (2.00)	1.53 (1.40)	−7.38*	0–16.76
Economic pressure, 24 months	13.04 (4.18)	12.49 (4.17)	13.45 (4.15)	3.71*	6–26
Depression T score, 24 months	47.30 (8.93)	47.38 (9.04)	47.24 (8.86)	−0.26	40–81
Somatization T score, 24 months	48.55 (8.95)	48.27 (8.77)	48.75 (9.08)	0.87	41–79
Anxiety T score, 24 months	46.09 (8.93)	47.11 (9.15)	45.32 (8.69)	−3.23*	38–81
Hostility T score, 24 months	50.29 (10.63)	51.66 (9.82)	49.26 (11.10)	−3.70*	34–80
Sensitive parenting, 36 months	3.82 (1.09)	4.19 (0.96)	3.54 (1.09)	−10.10*	1.00–6.4
Harsh parenting, 36 months	2.88 (1.24)	2.49 (1.07)	3.17 (1.28)	9.29*	1.00–7.0

Note. ns ranged from 1,021 to 1,142 (ns for PA ranged from 432 to 475; ns for NC ranged from 589 to 667). All participants endorsed primary race as African American or White, with the exception of four (0.4%) individuals.

^*Significant at p < .05.