Table 1.
Summary of studies in which non-oral bacteria have been isolated in patients with systemic or oral diseases
| Diseases | Non-oral bacteria | Study group/study type | Age | Prevalence of non-oral bacteria (%) | Specimen (s) collected | Country | Referencesa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Periodontitis |
GNRsb S. aureus |
PGc: 535 patients A cross-sectional study |
19–70 years |
34.9% 6.2% |
Periodontal pockets | Sweden | Dahlen and Wikström (1995) |
|
GNRs Pseudomonas |
PG: 80 patients A cross-sectional study |
17–58 years |
18.8% 10.0% |
Periodontal pockets | Brazil | Barbosa et al. (2001) | |
| GNRs |
PG: 80 patients A cross-sectional study |
35–60 years | 20% | Periodontal pockets | Brazil | Gonçalves et al. (2007b) | |
| H. pylori |
PG: 169 patients CGd: 56 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
41 ± 14 34.3 ± 12 |
50% (PG) 11.4 (CG) |
Subgingival plaque samples | Brazil | Souto and Colombo (2008b) | |
| E. faecalis |
PG: 169 patients CG: 56 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
41 ± 14 34.3 ± 12 |
47.8% (PG) 17.1% (CG) |
Subgingival plaque samples | Brazil | Souto and Colombo (2008a) | |
| S. aureus |
PG: 106 patients A cross-sectional study |
≥ 18 years | 24.6% | Subgingival plaque samples | Switzerland | Fritschi et al. (2008) | |
| Staphylococcus spp. | PG: 82 patients | 18–70 years | 42.7% | Subgingival plaque samples | Argentina | Cuesta et al. (2010) | |
| GNRs |
PG: 63 patients CG: 45 healthy subjects A prospective cohort |
33.29 ± 7.79 43.95 ± 8.97 |
16.7% (PG) 9.3% (CG) |
Periodontal pockets | Colombia | Martínez-Pabón et al. (2010) | |
| E. faecalis |
PG: 32 patients A prospective longitudinal study |
≥ 18 years | 40.6% | Root canal samples | China | Zhu et al. (2010) | |
|
P. aeruginosa Acinetobacter spp. |
PG: 169 patients CG: 55 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
40.2 ± 14 31.1 ± 11 |
52.2% (PG), 11.4% (CP) 56.5% (PG), 31.4% (CP) |
Periodontal pockets | Brazil | Souto et al. (2014) | |
| GNRs |
PG: 102 patients A cross-sectional study |
48 ± 13.2 | 42.9% | Subgingival plaque samples | Netherlands | Van Winkelhoff et al. (2016) | |
|
GNRs P. aeruginosa |
PG: 42 patients CG: 42 healthy subjects Case–control study |
43.48 ± 12.46 29.36 ± 8.99 |
83.3% (PG), 71.4% (CG) 30.9% (PG), 28.5% (CG) |
Subgingival plaque samples | India | Ranganathan et al. (2017) | |
| Dental caries |
E. faecalis, E. faecium |
PG: 34 caries active subjects CG: 28 caries free subjects A cross-sectional study |
4–12 years |
46.9% (PG), 7% (CG) 9.5% (PG), 7% (CG) |
Saliva | Tunisia | Kouidhi et al. (2011) |
| S. aureus |
PG: 105 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
45.84 ± 15.82 | 20% | Dental abscess, caries and saliva | Tunisia | Merghni et al. (2014) | |
| Root canal infection | E. faecalis |
PG: 100 patients CG: 100 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
32–72 years |
11% (PG) 1% (CG) |
Oral rinse samples | USA | Sedgley et al. (2004) |
| E. faecalis |
PG: 41 patients A cross-sectional study |
42.6 ± 15.3 | 10% |
Oral rinse samples |
USA | Sedgley et al. (2006) | |
|
E. faecalis Staphylococcus spp Pseudomonas spp A. baumannii |
PG: 50 patients A cross-sectional study |
23–76 years |
16% 2% 2% 2% |
Root canal samples | Sweden | Vidana et al. (2011) | |
| Cystic fibrosis (CF) | P. aeruginosa |
PG: 31 patients CG: 31 healthy subjects |
5–29 years |
45.16% (PG) 3.22 (CG) |
Oral cavity samples | Canada | Komiyama et al. (1985) |
| P. aeruginosa |
PG: 5 patients CG: 5 healthy subjects Case–control study |
16–34 years 12–27 years |
100% (PG) 0% (CG) |
Sputum samples | France | Rivas Caldas et al. (2015) | |
| Orofacial granulomatosis and Crohn’s disease | S. aureus |
PG: 450 patients A prospective cohort |
13–29 years | 0.8% | Oral rinse samples | UK | Gibson et al. (2000) |
| Oral cancer |
Staphylococcus spp. P. aeruginosa |
PG: 46 patients CG: 37 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
67.4 ± 10.3 71.3 ± 9.9 |
43.7% (PG), 56.3% (CG) 57.1% (PG), 42.9% (CG) |
Saliva and surgical scar | Japan | Yamashita et al. (2013) |
|
S. aureus E. coli S. epidermidis |
PG: 40 patients A cross-sectional study |
/ |
23.2% 15.62% 12.5% |
Swabs over the cancerous lesion | India | Panghal et al. (2011) | |
| HIV |
S. aureus P. aeruginosa K. pneumoniae |
PG: 14 periodontitis patients A cross-sectional study |
25–50 years |
6.8% 6.7% 6.7% |
Subgingival plaque samples | USA | Rams et al. (1991) |
| GNRs |
PG: 31 periodontitis patients CG: 32 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
37.3 ± 9.3 22.8 ± 8.5 |
74.2% (PG) 18.8% (CG) |
Subgingival plaque samples | Colombia | Botero et al. (2007b) | |
|
S. aureus S. epidermidis E. cloacae |
PG: 45 HIV subjects CG: 45 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
22–66 years 23–66 years |
92.4% (PG), 54% (CG) 47% (PG),61.8% (CG) 22.3% (PG), 18.1% (CG) |
Oral rinse samples | Brazil | Back-Brito et al. (2011) | |
|
P. mirabilis S. aureus P. aeruginosa |
PG: 605 HIV subjects A cross-sectional study |
1–60 years |
16.4% 11.3% 8.6% |
Oral lesions samples | Uganda | Agwu et al. (2015) | |
|
Coliforms Pseudomonas spp. S. aureus Enterococci |
PG: 221 HIV patients PG: 30 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
8–69 years 27–47 years |
15% (PG), 3% (CG) 11% (PG), 7% (CG) 14%(PG), 17% (CG) 2% (PG), 0% (CG) |
Dorsum of the Tongue | Thailand | Arirachakaran et al. (2016) | |
|
Pseudomonas spp. Enterobacter spp. Klebsiella spp. Aeromonas spp. |
PG: 255 Thai HIV-positive adults on Highly active anti-retrovirus therapy (HAART) CG: 30 healthy subjetcs A cross-sectional study |
/ |
9.01% (PG), 3.33% (CG) 4.31% (PG), 6.66% (CG) 5.49% (PG), 23.3% (CG) 3.92% (PG), 6.66% (CG) |
Dorsum of the tongue, gingiva, periodontal pocket | Thailand | Arirachakaran et al. (2019) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | S. aureus |
PG: 111 patients CG: 83 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
58.7 ± 11.64 55.9 ± 12.91 |
12.5% (PG) 3.6% (CG) |
Oropharynx samples | USA | Jacobson et al. (1997) |
|
S. epidermidis S. aureus |
PG: 25 patients CG: 50 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
21–82 years 18–54 years |
84% (PG), 88% (CG) 56% (PG), 24% (CG) |
Oral rinse samples and tongue swabs | UK | Jackson et al. (1999) | |
| Parkinson’s disease | GNRs |
PG: 50 patients A cross-sectional study |
71–90 years | 32% | A swab around the tonsillar area and soft palate | UK | Gosney et al. (2003) |
| Burns, skin, grafting and lacerations | Staphylococcus spp. |
PG: 28 patients A cross-sectional study |
14–84 years | 53.57% | Supragingival plaque and oral rinse samples | UK | Smith et al. (2003a) |
| Heart disease |
Staphylococcus spp. Pseudomonas spp. Acinetobacter spp. |
PG: 30 patients undergoing myocardium revascularisation surgery (Pre-surgery results) A prospective cohort |
62.66 ± 4.01 |
85.7% 83.8% 53.3% |
Saliva and subgingival plaque samples | Brazil | Zuanazzi et al. (2010) |
| Dyspepsia | H. pylori |
PG: 30 patients CG: 20 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
46.2 ± 11.44 44.5 ± 11.36 |
60% (PG) 15% (CG) |
Subgingival plaque samples | India | Agarwal and Jithendra (2012) |
| Endocarditis | E. faecalis |
PG:1 patient with arrhythmia A case report |
67 years old | 100% (PG) | A swab from Gingival mucosa | Japan | Okui et al. (2015) |
| Head and neck cancer | Gram-negative bacilli S. aureus |
PG: 110 patients CG:50 healthy subjects A prospective case–control |
20–80 years |
63.6% (PG), 2% (CG) 8% (PG), 0% (CG) |
Saliva | India | Soni et al. (2017) |
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | S. epidermidis |
PG: 21 end-stage CKD adult patients CG:14 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
46.8 ± 9.7 42.2 ± 14.5 |
89.5% (PG) 92.3% (CG) |
Saliva | Portugal | Simões-Silva et al. (2018) |
| P. aeruginosa |
PG: 1 HIV-positive subject A case report |
6 years old | 100% | Biopsy of the gingival tissue | Brazil | Souza et al. (2018) | |
| Chronic nail biting | GNRs |
PG: 60 Nail biting subjects CG: 30 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
11 ± 3.0 12 ± 3.5 |
75% (PG) 40% (CG) |
Saliva | India | Chinnasamy et al. (2019) |
| Liver transplantation | E. faecalis |
PG: 100 patients CG: 100 healthy subjects A cross-sectional study |
10–67 years 10–77 years |
2% (PG) 1% (CG) |
Saliva | Iran | Ghapanchi et al. (2019) |
aInclusion and exclusion criteria and search strategy are in the supplementary file
bGNRs Gram-negative rods
cPG Patients group
dCG Control group