Evaluating the role of CaSR on modulating the anti-inflammatory activity of γ-EV on HAoECs. NPS-2143 (1 μM), a CaSR-specific antagonist, was used to inhibit γ-EV-mediated CaSR activation in HAoECs for 1 h. The cells were then preincubated with the highest dose of γ-EV (1 mM) for 2 h, and the inflammatory responses induced by TNF-α (5 ng/mL) were evaluated by expression levels of (a) ICAM-1, (b) VCAM-1, (c) E-selectin, (d) MCP-1, (e) IL-8, and (f) IL-6. Data presented as the mean ± SEM of four independent experiments. Statistically, the data are represented as p < 0.001 for (***), p < 0.01 for (**), and p < 0.05 for (*).