Table 2.
Described potential roles for host miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
| miRNA | Target | Expression and potential function on SARS-CoV-2 infection | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| miR-1202 | SARS-CoV-2 ORF1a/b | Inhibits the cleavage of the ORF1a/b polyprotein gene | Chow and Salmena, 2020, Demirci and Adan, 2020, Fulzele et al., 2020, Khan et al., 2020b. |
| SARS-CoV-2 ORF9a/N | Targets both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS isolates | ||
| SARS-CoV-2 ORF9b | |||
| miR-125a-3p | SARS-CoV-2 gene S | Inhibits the cleavage of the S gene | Chow and Salmena, 2020, Demirci and Adan, 2020, Fulzele et al., 2020, Khan et al., 2020b. |
| Unique to SARS-CoV-2 miRNA compared to SARS | |||
| miR-1307-3p | SARS-CoV-2 3’UTR site | High expression levels in lung tissue | Arisan et al., 2020, Balmeh et al., 2020, Chen and Zhong, 2020, Khan et al., 2020b. |
| This miRNA can also target human gene expression responsible for survival and proliferation (BCL2, PI3K pathway activators), clathrin-dependent endocytosis (AP2, PIP5K), and exocytosis (Actin) associated with virus cell entry and spread. | |||
| miR-138-5p | SARS-CoV-2 ORF1a/b | Inhibits the cleavage of the ORF1a/b polyprotein gene | Chow and Salmena, 2020, Demirci and Adan, 2020, Khan et al., 2020b, Sardar et al., 2020. |
| SARS-CoV-2 nsp2 | |||
| SARS-CoV-2 nsp4 | |||
| SARS-CoV-2 3′-to-5’exonuclease | |||
| miR-196a-5p | SARS-CoV-2 ORF1a/b | Inhibits the cleavage of the ORF1a/b polyprotein gene | Chow and Salmena, 2020, Demirci and Adan, 2020, Fulzele et al., 2020, Sardar et al., 2020. |
| SARS-CoV-2 S gene | Targets both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS isolates | ||
| miR-197-5p | SARS-CoV-2 ORF1a | Upregulated in patients with cardiovascular disease | Chow and Salmena, 2020, Demirci and Adan, 2020, Khan et al., 2020b, Rad and McLellan, 2020. |
| miR-21-3p | Not reported | Expressed in respiratory epithelial cells in the trachea and lung tissues Targets binding sites of 6 different coronavirus, including SARS-CoV-2 and SARS | Fulzele et al., 2020,Haddad and Al-Zyoud, 2020, Nersisyan et al., 2020a, Srivastava et al., 2020. |
| miR-323a-5p | SARS-CoV-2 ORF1a/b | Inhibits the translation of the ORF1a/b polyprotein gene | Demirci and Adan, 2020, Fulzele et al., 2020, Khan et al., 2020b, Sardar et al., 2020. |
| SARS-CoV-2 helicase | Targets both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS isolates | ||
| miR-3935 | SARS-CoV-2 ORF1a | Expressed in SARS-CoV-2 target cells | Demirci and Adan, 2020, Fulzele et al., 2020, Khan et al., 2020b, Rad and McLellan, 2020. |
| miR-4758-5p | SARS-CoV-2 ORF1a/b | Inhibits the cleavage of the ORF1a/b polyprotein gene | Chow and Salmena, 2020, Demirci and Adan, 2020, Fulzele et al., 2020, Khan et al., 2020b. |
| Targets both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS isolates | |||
| miR-5047 | SARS-CoV-2 ORF1a/b | Inhibits the cleavage of the ORF1a/b polyprotein gene | Chow and Salmena, 2020, Demirci and Adan, 2020, Fulzele et al., 2020, Khan et al., 2020b. |
| SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 | Targets both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS isolates | ||
| SARS-CoV-2 M | |||
| miR-506-3p | SARS-CoV-2 ORF1a/b | Inhibits the cleavage of the ORF1a/b polyprotein gene | Ahmed et al., 2020, Demirci and Adan, 2020, Fulzele et al., 2020, Khan et al., 2020b. |
| SARS-CoV-2 N | Targets both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS isolates | ||
| NR3C1, SP3, SMARCC1 | Targets the NR3C1, SP3 and SMARCC1 viral genes that participate in viral replication process (predicted) | ||
| miR-6838-5p | SARS-CoV-2 ORF1a/b | Inhibits the cleavage of the ORF1a/b polyprotein gene (predicted) | Demirci and Adan, 2020, Fulzele et al., 2020, Haddad and Al-Zyoud, 2020, Khan et al., 2020b. |
| Targets both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS isolates | |||
| miR-16-2-3p | Not reported | Upregulation on SARS-CoV-2 infected samples | Chow and Salmena, 2020, Li et al., 2020. |
| miR-1246 | ACE2 | Upregulation associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | Khan et al., 2020a, Zhang et al., 2020. |
| Downregulation in the small airway epithelium of smokers compared to non-smokers | |||
| Targets the 3’UTR sequence of ACE2 mRNA | |||
| miR-200c-3p | ACE2 | Induced overexpression resulted in downregulation of ACE2 in human cardiomyocytes. | Lu et al., 2020, Nersisyan et al., 2020b. |
| Interaction with ACE2 was validated in HEK-293 T cells by luciferase reporter assay | |||
| miR-125a-5p | ACE2 | Expressed in lungs, kidney and esophagus. | Nersisyan et al., 2020c. |
| Repressed transcription of miR-125a-5p as a result of JARID1B action increases ACE2 protein expression levels. | |||
| let-7a-5p | TMPRSS2 | Expression negatively correlated with TMPRSS2 expression | Mukhopadhyay and Mussa, 2020,Nersisyan et al., 2020b. |
| Target the 3’UTR sequence of TMPRSS2 mRNA | |||
| let-7d-5p | TMPRSS2 | Expression negatively correlated with TMPRSS2 expression Target the 3’UTR sequence of TMPRSS2 mRNA |
Mukhopadhyay and Mussa, 2020,Nersisyan et al., 2020b. |
| miR-922 | PI3 | GO molecular function: endopeptidase inhibitor activity, peptidase inhibitor activity, endopeptidase regulator activity | Taz et al., 2020, |
| PDCD1 | This protein was found upregulated in SARS-CoV-2 infected samples. | Vastrad et al., 2020. | |
| KEGG pathways: T cell receptor signaling pathway, Adaptative Immune system | |||
| GO: regulation of immune system process, T cell activation, leukocyte activation, cell activation | |||
| miR-326 | S100A8 | Go biological process: leukocyte aggregation, defense response to fungus, neutrophil chemotaxis, granulocyte chemotaxis, neutrophil migration | Taz et al., 2020. |
| KEGG pathway: IL17 signaling pathway | |||
| C1R | GO: innate immune system, regulation of immune system process, cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, response to biotic stimulus | Vastrad et al., 2020. |