Table 1.

Summary of RCTs evaluating use of CQ and HCQ for treatment of COVID-19 patients

Study, Publication status	Trial Registry Identifier	Country	Design	No. of Participants	Participants	Study (trial) arms	Outcomes
Abd-Elsalam et al., 2020; Published	NCT04353336	Egypt	RCT, Open label	194	Severity: Mild, moderate, and severe	Arm 1: HCQ	Primary
					Age, Mean ± SD: 40.7 ± 19.3 yrs	Arm 2: Usual care (Control group)	1). Clinical recovery
					Sex, Female: 41.2%		2). Need for mechanical ventilation
							3). Mortality within 28 days
							Secondary
							Adverse/Side effects
Cavalcanti et al., 2020; Published	NCT04322123	Brazil	RCT, Open label	667	Severity: Mild to moderate	Arm 1: HCQ and Azithromycin	Primary
					Age, Mean ± SD: 50.3 ± 14.6 yrs	Arm 2: HCQ alone	Clinical status on Day 15
					Sex, Female: 41.7%	Arm 3: Usual care (Control)	Secondary
							1). Clinical status at 7 days
							2). An indication for intubation within 15 days
							3). Receipt of supplemental oxygen between randomization and 15 days
							4). Duration of hospital stay
							5). In-hospital death
C. Chen et al., 2020; Preprint	NCT04384380	Taiwan	RCT, Open label	33	Severity: Mild to moderate	Arm 1: HCQ	Primary
					Age, Mean ± SD: 32.9 ± 10.7 yrs	Arm 2: Usual care (Control)	Time to negative rRT-PCR assessments from randomization up to 14 days
					Sex, Female: 42.4%		Secondary
							1). Proportion of negative viral PCR on Day 14
							2). Time to clinical recovery
							3). Proportion of discharges by Day 14
							4). Mortality rate
							5). Safety and tolerability
J. Chen et al., 2020; Published	NCT04261517	China	RCT, Open label	30	Severity: Moderate	Arm 1: HCQ	Primary
					Age, Mean ± SD: 48.6 ± 3.6 yrs	Arm 2: Usual care (Control)	Proportion of patients with negative rRT-PCR in pharyngeal swab on Day 7
					Sex, Female: 30%		Secondary
							1). Occurrence of severe drug toxicity
L. Chen et al., 2020; Preprint	ChiCTR2000030054	China	RCT, Open label	48	Severity: Moderate to severe hospitalized	Arm 1: CQ Phosphate	Primary
					Age, Mean ± SD: 46.9 ± 14.6 yrs	Arm 2: HCQ	Time to clinical recovery
					Sex, Female: 54.2%	Arm 3: Usual care	Secondary
							1). Time to negative rRT-PCR assessments
							2). Length of hospital stay
							3). Duration (days) of supplemental oxygenation
							4). Adverse events
							5). All-cause mortality
Z. Chen et al., 2020; Preprint	ChiCTR2000029559	China	RCT, double blind	62	Severity: Mild hospitalized	Arm 1: HCQ Sulphate	Primary
					Age, Mean ± SD: 44.7 ± 15.3 yrs	Arm 2: Usual care (Control)	Time to clinical recovery
					Sex, Female: 53.2%		Secondary
							Adverse effects
Horby et al., 2020; Preprint	NCT04381936	UK	RCT, Open label	4,716	Severity: Mild, moderate, and severe hospitalized	Arm 1: HCQ	Primary
					Age, Mean ± SD: 65.3 ± 15.3 yrs	Arm 2: Usual care (Control)	All-cause mortality by Day 28
					Sex, Female: 38.8%		Secondary
							1). Time to discharge from hospital and
							2). Invasive mechanical ventilation
							3). Cause-specific mortality
							4). Major cardiac arrhythmia (recorded in a subset),
							5). Receipt and duration of ventilation.
Kamran et al., 2020; Preprint	NCT04491994	Pakistan	RCT, Open label	500	Severity: Mild	Arm 1: HCQ	Primary
					Age, Mean ± SD: 35.9 ± 11.2 yrs	Arm 2: Usual care (Control)	Clinical progression of disease as per WHO criteria
					Sex, Female: 6.8%		Secondary
							PCR negativity on Day 7 and Day 14
Mitja et al., 2020; Published	NCT04304053	Spain	RCT, Open label	293	Severity: Mild non-hospitalized	Arm 1: HCQ	Primary
					Age, Mean ± SD: 41.7 ± 12.5 yrs	Arm 2: Usual care (Control)	Reduction of viral RNA load in nasopharyngeal swabs at day 3 and day 7 after treatment start
					Sex, Female: 68.6%		Secondary
							1). Clinical progression up to 28 days
							2). TTCR of symptoms within 28 days
							3). Adverse events up to Day 28
Skipper et al., 2020; Published	NCT04308668	US, Canada	RCT, double blind	491	Severity: Mild to moderate non-hospitalized	Arm 1: HCQ	Primary
					Age, Median (IQR): 40.0 (32 to 50) yrs	Arm 2: Placebo (Control)	1). Presence and severity of COVID-19 symptoms
					Sex, Female: 56%		2). Hospitalization status
							Secondary
							1). Medication adherence
							2). Adverse effects
Tang et al., 2020; Published	ChiCTR2000029868	China	RCT, Open label	150	Severity: Mild to moderate hospitalized	Arm 1: HCQ	Primary
					Age, Mean ± SD: 46.1 ± 14.7 yrs	Arm 2: Usual care (Control)	1). Negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 by Day 28
					Sex, Female: 45%		2). Clinical improvement in severity symptoms by Day 28
							Secondary
							1). Alleviation of clinical symptoms
							2). All-cause mortality
							3). Disease progression in patients