Table 1.
Characteristics of children with and without type 1 diabetes and their mothers
| Characteristic | All cases | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Control children | Index children | p valuea | |
| (n = 37,050) | (n = 9278) | ||
| Size for ageb | <0.001 | ||
| AGA | 34,789 (93.9) | 8661 (93.3) | |
| SGA | 962 (2.6) | 183 (2.0) | |
| LGA | 1299 (3.5) | 434 (4.7) | |
| Gestational age | 0.014 | ||
| Very preterm (<32 weeks) | 261 (0.7) | 45 (0.5) | |
| Moderately preterm (32–36 weeks) | 1799 (4.9) | 501 (5.4) | |
| Term (37–42 weeks) | 34,730 (93.9) | 8680 (93.6) | |
| Post term (>42 weeks) | 207 (0.6) | 45 (0.5) | |
| Maternal diabetes | <0.001 | ||
| No | 36,733 (99.1) | 9005 (97.1) | |
| Yes | 317 (0.9) | 273 (2.9) | |
| Maternal BMIb | <0.001 | ||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 936 (3.4) | 198 (2.8) | |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 18,217 (66.4) | 4460 (64.1) | |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 6039 (22.0) | 1611 (23.1) | |
| Obese (≥30.0 kg/m2) | 2248 (8.2) | 691 (9.9) | |
| Maternal diabetes and BMI | <0.001 | ||
| No maternal diabetes and BMI <25 | 19,036 (69.4) | 4551 (65.4) | |
| No maternal diabetes and BMI ≥25 | 8158 (29.7) | 2191 (31.5) | |
| Maternal diabetes and BMI <25 | 118 (0.4) | 107 (1.5) | |
| Maternal diabetes and BMI ≥25 | 129 (0.5) | 111 (1.6) | |
| Maternal weight gain during pregnancy | 0.063 | ||
| Adequate | 5061 (39.4) | 1292 (40.4) | |
| Excessive | 4664 (36.3) | 1194 (37.3) | |
| Inadequate | 3116 (24.3) | 713 (22.3) | |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | <0.001 | ||
| No | 28,037 (79.7) | 7300 (82.3) | |
| Yes | 7158 (20.3) | 1570 (17.7) | |
| Maternal age | 0.048 | ||
| 13–29 years | 20,445 (55.2) | 5014 (54.0) | |
| >29 years | 16,605 (44.8) | 4264 (46.0) | |
Data are given as n (%)
In the MBR, data are missing on maternal BMI in early pregnancy (n = 11,927), weight gain during pregnancy (n = 30,288), smoking during pregnancy (n = 2263), duration of pregnancy (n = 657), and birthweight (n = 132, used to calculate size for age)
aχ2 test: control children vs index children
bStatistically significant linear-by-linear association with the presence of type 1 diabetes in the children, all p < 0.001