Table 3.
Post-operative body composition, weight loss, physical activity level, performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, energy expenditure, metabolic parameters, substrate use, and autonomic nervous system modulation
| Author (year) | Methods | Results | Post-surgery evaluation period (month) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 18 | ≥ 24 | |||
| Alam et al. [22] | RR and QT time series | ↓BW (kg) | • | • | • | ||||||||||
| ↓BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||||||||
| ↓HR (bpm) (at 6th) | |||||||||||||||
| ↑QTVI (1st and 12th) | |||||||||||||||
| ↓SampEn (QT) (at 1st) | |||||||||||||||
|
↓DFAα (NN) (1st) ↓DFAα (QT) (1st) | |||||||||||||||
| ↓RR (6th) | |||||||||||||||
| ↓RMSSD (ms) (at 6th) | |||||||||||||||
| ↓SDNN (ms) (at 6th) | |||||||||||||||
|
↓HbA1c (%) (at 12th) ↓Rest systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (at 6th and 12th) | |||||||||||||||
| ↓ Rest diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) (at 12th) | |||||||||||||||
| Alba et al. [23] |
Gait speed and time to rise from a chair five times + 400-m walk test + Handgrip strength + International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) |
↓FFM (kg) ↑Gait speed ↑Time for five chair stands ↓Absolute grip strength (at 6th and 12th) ↑Relative strength (at 6th and 12th) ↔ Self-reported physical activity |
• | • | |||||||||||
| Benedetti et al. [14] | Respiration chamber |
↓FM (kg) ↓FFM (kg) ↓REE ((kcal/24 h)) ↑Fasting npRQ ↓Fasting glucose (mmol/dl) ↓Fasting insulin (mU/ml) ↓Fasting FFA (mM) |
• | ||||||||||||
| Bobbioni-Harsch et al. [24] |
Body impedance analyzer + A 120-min euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp + Plasma levels of glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) were enzymatically determined + Heart rate variability (HRV): electrocardiograph continuously recorded for a 24-h period |
↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓FM (kg) ↓FFM (kg) ↑Glucose uptake (mg/kg LBM/min) ↔ FFA (mEq) ↓Plasma insulin (ng/ml) ↑SDNN (ms) ↑RMS (ms) ↑% pNN 50 |
• | • | |||||||||||
| Bond et al. [25] |
RT3 accelerometers + Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) |
55% comply with the recommendation (subjective assessment) versus 5% comply with the recommendation (objective assessment) | • | ||||||||||||
| Braga et al. [26] |
Digital scale and a tape measure + HOMA-IR and glucose were quantified by the glucose oxidase colorimetric method + Endothelial reactivity and HRV analysis were performed by peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) |
↓FM (kg) ↓FFM (kg) ↓AC (cm) ↔ HOMA-IR (%) ↓Fasting glucose (mg/dl) ↓Fasting insulin (IU/l) ↔ LnRHI ↔ AI ↔ AI@75 ↓HR (bpm) ↑HRV-time domain ↓HRV-frequency domain (↑LF/HF) ↔ Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↔ Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
• | ||||||||||||
| Browning et al. [27] |
Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis + Stanford 7-day Physical Activity Recall (PAR) |
↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓BW (kg) ↓FM (kg) ↓FFM (kg) ↓Submaximal HR (bpm) ↔ VO2 (l/min/kg) ↑Time to exhaustion (min) ↔ HRmax (bpm) ↔ Absolute VO2peak (l/min) ↑VO2peak (ml/kg/min) ↔ RERmax ↑VO2peak/pulse (ml/beat/kg) ↔ Post-exercise La (mmol/l) |
• | ||||||||||||
| Campos et al. [9] |
Magnetic bioimpedance device + Lung function: computerized ultrasound spirometer with a flow sensor + Respiratory muscle strength: analog manometer + Functional capacity: incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) + Baecke questionnaire |
↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓BW (kg) ↓WC (cm) ↔ W/H ↓FM (kg) ↓FFM (kg) ↑SVC (l) ↑FVC (l) ↑FEV1 (l) ↑MIP (cmH2O) ↔ MEP (cmH2O) ↑Distance (m) ↔ PA level |
• | ||||||||||||
| Carrasco et al. [16] |
Digital scale and a scale-mounted stadiometer + isotopic dilution with deuterium oxide (total body water) + Open-circuit indirect calorimetry using a ventilated chamber system + Simple survey to assess PA + HOMA-IR |
↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓BW (kg) ↓WC (cm) ↓FM (kg) ↓FFM (kg) ↓W/HR ↓Fasting glucose (mg/dl) ↓Fasting insulin (μU/ml) ↓HOMA-IR ↓Total cholesterol (mg/dl) ↓LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) ↑HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) ↓Triglycerides (mg/dl) ↓Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓REE ↑Fasting lipid oxidation (%) ↑PA level |
• | ||||||||||||
| Colles et al. [17] | Medical Outcomes Trust Short Form-36 (SF-36) |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↑SF-36 PCS score (at 12th) |
• | • | |||||||||||
| Daniel et al. [28] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis |
↓BMI (kg/m2) ↑METs max ↑Exercise time (s) ↑VO2peak (ml/min/kg) ↓VO2peak (ml/min) Tau (τ) altered at 6th and improved at 16th ↔ RERmax ↑HR/VO2 slope (at 6th) ↓HR rest (bpm) (at 6th) ↓Rest systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (at 6th) ↓Rest diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) (at 6th) |
• | • | |||||||||||
| Das et al. [29] |
15-day doubly labeled water; indirect Calorimetry + Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) questionnaire (structured interview) |
↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓BW (kg) ↓FM (kg) ↓FM (%) ↓TEE (MJ/day) ↓REE (MJ/day) ↔ Physical activity level (TEE/REE) ↔ Reported activity (min/day) |
• | ||||||||||||
| Dereppe et al. [30] | Graded cycle ergometer with gas-exchange analysis |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓ Rest systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓ Rest diastolic blood pressure ↓Glucose (mg/dl) ↑HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) ↓LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) ↓Triglycerides (mg/dl) ↓VO2peak (ml/min) ↑VO2peak (ml/min/kg) ↓W (W) ↑RERmax |
• | ||||||||||||
| De Souza et al. [31] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↑Distance covered (m) ↑Exercise duration (min) ↑VO2max (ml/kg/min) |
• | • | |||||||||||
| De Souza et al. [32] | 6-min walk test |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↑Distance covered (m) ↓Perceived exhaustion ↓HR ↓Respiratory frequency |
• | ||||||||||||
| Galtier et al. [33] |
Indirect calorimetry with gas-exchange analysis + HOMA-IR + Bioimpedance analysis |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓ Rest systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓ Rest diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓Fat-free mass (kg) ↓Fat mass (%) ↔ Fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) ↓120-min OGTT blood glucose (mmol/l) ↓Fasting plasma insulin (mIU/l) ↓Peak-OGTT plasma insulin (mIU/l) ↓Total cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Triglycerides (mmol/l) ↑HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↔ LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓HOMA-IR ↓REE/FFM ↑REE/BW ↔ Lipid oxidation |
• A |
• A, B |
• B |
||||||||||
| Iannelli et al. [34] |
Bioelectrical impedance analysis + Wall-mounted stadiometer and a digital electronic scale + Indirect calorimetry with gas-exchange analysis |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓FFM (kg) ↓FM (%) ↓REE (kcal/24 h) ↓Glucose levels (mmol/l) ↓HOMA-IR ↓HbA1c (%) ↑HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Triglycerides (mmol/l) |
• | ||||||||||||
| Kanoupakis et al. [35] |
Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis + M-mode, 2-dimensional, and Doppler echocardiography |
↔ Rest HR (bpm) ↔ Rest systolic blood pressure (mmHg) Anaerobic threshold ↔ HR (bpm) ↔ Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓VO2 (ml/min) ↑VO2 (ml/kg/min) ↔ O2 pulse (ml/beat) Maximal exercise ↔ HR (beats/min) ↔ Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↑Time (s) ↓VO2 (ml/min) ↑VO2 (ml/kg/min) ↔ O2 pulse (ml/beat) ↑Ventilation (l/min) ↑VCO2 production (ml/min) ↑METs ↓IVS (mm) ↓PW (mm) ↑E/A ↓IVRT (ms) |
• | ||||||||||||
| Kokkinos et al. [36] |
Heart rate variability (HRV) (frequency domain) + Echocardiography |
↓BMI (kg/m2) (at 3th and 6th) ↓Waist (cm) (at 3th and 6th) ↓Hip (cm) (at 3th and 6th) ↑LF (ms2) (for SG) ↑HF (ms2) (for SG and GB) ↔ LF/HF ratio ↑Total power (ms2) (for SG and GB) ↓Epicardial fat (mm) (at 6th) (for SG and GB) ↓LV Tei index (at 6th month) (for SG and GB) ↓LA diameter (mm) (at 6th) (for SG and GB) ↑EF (%) (at 6th) (for SG and GB) ↑LV mass index (g) (at 6th) (for SG and GB) |
• | • | |||||||||||
| Li et al. [37] |
Glucose oxidase method + High-performance liquid chromatography + Automatic analyzer + Electronic scale and fixed wall stadiometer + Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis + Gas-exchange analysis |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓FFM (kg) ↓FM (kg) ↓Rest systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↔ Rest diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓Total cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Triglycerides (mmol/l) ↑HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Blood glucose levels ↓HbA1c (%) ↓RQ ↓REE (kcal) ↓REE/BW ↔ REE/FFM |
• | ||||||||||||
| Liu et al. [38] |
Bioelectrical impedance analysis + Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry + Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis + Accelerometer |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓Fat mass (kg) ↓REE (kcal/day) ↓REE/FFM ↔ Physical activity level |
• | ||||||||||||
| Lund et al. [39] |
Stationary ergometer bike with gas-exchange analysis + Physical function was assessed by the SF-36 questionnaire + CAMB questionnaire |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓FFM (kg) ↓FM (%) ↓Fasting insulin (pmol/l) ↓Fasting glucose (mmol/l) ↓HbA1c (mmol/mol) ↓Fasting total cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↔ Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓VO2 (ml/min) ↑VO2 (ml/kg/min) ↔ VO2 (ml/kgFFM/min) ↔ Exercise (h/week) ↔ Physical activity level |
• | • | • | ||||||||||
| Machado et al. [40] |
Electronic anthropometric scale + Heart rate variability (HRV) (time domain) |
↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↑NN (ms) ↑SDNN (ms) ↑PNN50 (%) ↑RMSSD (ms) |
• | ||||||||||||
| Maniscalco et al. [41] |
Lung volumes and flow rates were determined using automated equipment + 6-min walk test + Oximeter |
↑FVC (% pred) ↑FEV1 (% pred) ↔ FVC/FEV1 ↑TLC (% pred) ↑FRC (% pred) ↑RV (% pred) ↑6-mWT distance (m) ↑HR after 6-mWT (b/min) ↑Baseline SaO2 (%) ↔ SaO2 after 6-mWT (%) ↓Dyspnea score after 6-mWT |
• | ||||||||||||
| Maser et al. [42] |
Measures of HRV (e.g., power spectral analysis, RR variation during deep breathing) + HOMA-IR |
↓BW (kg) ↓HOMA-IR ↓LF ↓HF ↓LF/HF ↑Respiration frequency area |
• | ||||||||||||
| Maser et al. [43] |
RR (interval between R waves of electrocardiographic QRS complexes) + Stadiometer + Finger stick blood glucose readings + Hemoglobin A1c was measured by high-performance ion-exchange liquid chromatography |
↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓Fingerstick glucose (mg/dl) ↓HbA1c (%) ↓Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↔ Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↑MCR ↓E/I ratio ↑Valsalva ratio |
• | • | |||||||||||
| McCullough et al. [44] | Bruce treadmill protocols with gas-exchange analysis |
↓BMI (kg/m2) ↔ Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↔ Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↑Exercise duration (min) ↑Maximal HR (beats/min) ↔ Perceived exertion (Borg, 6–20) ↓VO2 peak (l/min) ↑VO2 peak (ml/kg/min) ↑V-AT (ml/kg/min) ↔ VE/VCO2 slope |
• | ||||||||||||
| Mirahmadian et al. [45] | Indirect calorimeter with gas-exchange analysis |
↓Body weight (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓Fat-free mass (kg and %) ↓Fat mass (kg and %) ↓REE (kcal/day) ↑REE/FM (kcal/kg) |
• | ||||||||||||
| Nault et al. [46] |
Heart rate variability (HRV) (time domain and frequency domain) + Echocardiogram + Biochemical analysis + HOMA-IR |
↓Body weight (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓Total cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Triglycerides (mmol/l) ↑HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Glucose (mmol/l) ↓Insulin (pmol/l) ↓HOMA-IR ↓HR (beats/min) ↑SDNN (24 h) ↑rMSSD (24 h) ↑pNN50 (24 h) ↑Ln LF (ms2) (24 h) ↑Ln HF (ms2) (24 h) ↓LF/HF (24 h) |
• | • | |||||||||||
| Neunhaeuserer et al. [47] |
Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis + One-repetition maximum (1-RM) |
↑Exercise time (s) ↓VO2peak (l/min) ↑VO2peak (ml/kg/min) ↑VO2/HRmax (ml/bpm) ↓OUES (ml/logl) ↔ RERmax ↑Leg extension (kg) ↔ Handgrip right (kg) ↔ Handgrip left (kg) |
• | ||||||||||||
| Notarius et al. [48] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis |
↓TEE ↑Exercise capacity ↓VO2peak (ml/kg/min) |
• | ||||||||||||
| Otto et al. [49] |
Bioelectrical impedance + Handgrip strength |
↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓Fat-free mass (kg) ↓Fat mass (%) ↓Fat mass (kg) ↔ Handgrip strength (kg) dominant hand ↔ Handgrip strength (kg) no dominant hand |
• | • | |||||||||||
| Perugini et al. [50] |
Heart rate variability (HRV) + HOMA-IR |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) HRV (improved) ↓HOMA-IR |
• | ||||||||||||
| Ravelli et al. [51] |
Doubly labeled water + Triaxial accelerometer |
↓BW (kg) ↓FM (%) ↓TEE |
• | • | |||||||||||
| Remígio et al. [52] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓Resting HR (bpm) ↓Total cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Triglycerides (mmol/l) ↔ Glucose (mg/dl) ↔ VO2peak (l/min) ↑VO2peak (ml/min/kg) ↓50%VO2 RP (s) |
• | ||||||||||||
| Sans et al. [53] |
Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) + Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) + Gas-exchange analysis |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓HC (cm) ↔ W/H ↓ Brachial circumference (cm) ↓Triceps skinfold thickness (cm) ↓Glucose level (mmol/l) ↓Insulin level (mmol/l) ↓HOMA-IR ↓HbA1c (%) ↑HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) ↓Triglyceride (mmol/l) ↓REE (kcal/day) ↑REE/BW ↓REE/FFM |
• | ||||||||||||
| Seres et al. [54] | Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis |
↑Exercise duration (min) ↑HRmax (bpm) ↑RERmax ↔ VO2peak (l/min) ↑VO2peak (ml/kg/min) ↔ VO2peak/FFM (ml/kg/min) ↔ VO2peak/pulse (ml/beat) ↔ Minute ventilation (l/min) |
• | ||||||||||||
| Schneider et al. [55] |
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry + Indirect calorimetry |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓FFM (kg) ↓FM (%) ↓REE ↑REE/BW ↓Fat oxidation ↔ CHO oxidation |
• | ||||||||||||
| Silva et al. [56] |
Handgrip dynamometer + Venous occlusion plethysmography + 6-min walk test |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓HR (bpm) ↔ Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↔ Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) ↓FVR (units) ↔ 30% handgrip force (Kgf) ↑6-mWT distance (m) ↓Apnea-hypopnea index |
• | ||||||||||||
| Tamboli et al. [57] |
Digital scale + A whole-room indirect calorimeter |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓W/H (at 6th month) ↓TEE (kcal/day) (at 6th month) ↓Total RQ (at 6th month) ↓Sleep RQ (at 12th month) ↓CHO oxidation (g/kg/day) (at 12th month) ↑Fat oxidation (g/kg/day) (at 12th month) |
• | • | |||||||||||
| Tam et al. [58] | Metabolic chamber indirect calorimetry |
↓24hrEE ↓SleepEE ↓REE ↓Spontaneous physical activity |
• | • | |||||||||||
| Tettero et al. [59] |
Baecke questionnaire + Astrand test |
↓BW (kg) ↑VO2max (ml/min/KgFFM) ↑ Leisure physical activity ↑ Sport activity |
• | ||||||||||||
| Tompkins et al. [60] |
Physical ability using SF-36 + 6-mWT + Borg RPE scale |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↑6-mWT distance (m) ↑Physical functioning ↓Rating of perceived exertion during 6-mWT |
• | • | |||||||||||
| Valezi-Machado et al. [61] |
Treadmill with gas-exchange analysis + Transthoracic echocardiogram |
↑Distance covered (m) ↑METs ↑VO2peak (ml/kg/min) ↑EF ↓Septum |
• | ||||||||||||
| Van Gemert et al. [62] |
Doubly labeled water method + Respiration chamber |
↓TEE ↓Sleep MR ↔ Physical activity index =[TEE/SMR] ↓CHO oxidation |
• | • | |||||||||||
| Vargas et al. [63] |
6-min walking test + Functional Independence Measure (FIM) + Timed Up-and-Go |
↓HR (bpm) ↓Respiratory rate (pm) ↓Systolic arterial pressure (mmHg) ↓Diastolic arterial pressure (mmHg) ↓Borg scale ↑FIM score |
• | ||||||||||||
| Wilms et al. [64] | Bicycle ergospirometry |
↔ Peak workload (W) ↑Peak workload/BW (W kg−1) ↔ Test duration (s) ↔ HRmax (bpm) ↔ RERmax ↔ VO2peak (l/min) ↔ VO2peak (ml/kg/min) ↔ VO2peak/pulse (ml/beat) ↔ Ventilatory equivalent (VE/VO2) |
• | ||||||||||||
| Wu et al. [65] |
Heart rate variability (HRV) + Insulin resistance + HbA1c |
RMSSD improved LF/HF ratio improved ↑Total power ↓HOMA-IR ↓HbA1c |
• | • | • | ||||||||||
| Zavorsky et al. [66] |
Bioelectrical impedance device + Ergocycle with gas-exchange analysis |
↓BW (kg) ↓BMI (kg/m2) ↓WC (cm) ↓HC (cm) ↓W/H ↓FFM (kg) ↓FM (kg) ↓FM (%) Rest ↔ VO2 (ml/kg/min) ↓VO2 (l/min) ↓VE (l/min) BTPS ↔ Breathing frequency (breaths/min) ↓Tidal volume (l/breath) ↓VErest/MVV ↓RER ↓HR (bpm) At peak exercise ↑VO2 (ml/kg/min) ↔ VO2 (l/min) ↔ VE (l/min) BTPS ↔ Breathing frequency (breaths/min) ↑Tidal volume (l/breath) ↔ VEpeak/MVV ↔ RER ↔ HR (beats/min) ↔ Total time of the VO2peak test |
• | ||||||||||||
A, peak late of diastolic filling wave velocity; AC, abdominal circumference; AI, augmentation index; AI@75, AI index standardized for a heart rate of 75 bpm; BMI, body mass index; BTPS, body temperature and pressure saturated; BW, body weight; E, peak early of diastolic filling wave velocity; E/A, velocity ratio; E/I, expiration/inspiration; EF, ejection fraction; ERV, expiratory reserve volume; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in first second; FFA, free fatty acids; FFM, fat-free mass; FM, fat mass; FRC, functional residual capacity; FVC, forced vital capacity; FVR, forearm vascular resistance; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HF, high frequency; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HR, heart rate; IC, inspiratory capacity; IRV, inspiratory reserve volume; IVRT, isovolumic relaxation time; IVS, interventricular septum; La, lactate; LA, left atrium; LF, low frequency; LF/HF, low to high frequency ratio; LnRHI, reactive hyperemia index; LV, Left ventricle; MCR, mean circular resultant; MEP, maximal expiratory pressure; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; MIP, maximal inspiratory pressure; MVV, maximum voluntary ventilation; npRQ, non-protein respiratory quotient; O2-p, oxygen pulse; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; OUES, oxygen uptake efficiency slope = (the slope of linear regression of VO2 (L/m) versus log VE (L/m)); pNN 50 (ms), percentage of adjacent NN intervals that differ from each other by more than 50 ms; PW, posterior wall thickness; QTVI, temporal behavior of the QT variability index; REE, resting energy expenditure; RMSSD, root mean square of the successive differences; RQ, respiratory quotient; SampEn, measures of the complexity; SaO2, oxygen saturation; SDNN, standard deviation of NN intervals; SMR, sleeping metabolic ratio; SVC, slow vital capacity; TEE, total energy expenditure; TLC, total lung capacity; V-AT, ventilatory-derived anaerobic threshold; VE/VCO2, the minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production; VO2, oxygen uptake; W, watt; W/H, waist-to-hip ratio; WC, waist circumference, 50%VO2 RP, Post-exercise Oxygen Uptake Recovery Kinetics; ↑ denotes a significant increase; ↓ denotes a significant decrease; ↔, no change