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. 2021 Mar 31;7:13. doi: 10.1038/s41526-021-00141-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Panels a, b show digital images of a rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor. Here vascular cells are grown in culture chambers which are then rotated concentrically around a single axis. Panel c shows a RPM with two independently driven perpendicular frames⁸³. Panel d shows the parabolic flight trajectory⁸⁴ used to create short-duration microgravity exposure.