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. 2021 Mar 31;11:7281. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86268-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of placental insults on release of DAMPs by term placental explants. Explants were exposed for 72h to (a) oxidative stress (1 mM H₂O₂), (b) hypoxia (1%O₂), (c) low dose LPS (1 ng/ml to mimic subclinical infection), (d) nitrative stress (1 mM SIN-1). Concentrations of uric acid (UA), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA), S100 calcium binding proteins A8 (S100A8) and A12 (S100A12), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) were measured in culture medium and corrected for explant protein content. Data are fold change from control conditions (n = 5–11, line represents median); dashed line represents control values. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 Wilcoxon signed rank.