Table 3.

Sample Speech Perception, Language, and Executive Functioning

	CI Mean (SD)	NH Mean (SD)	t
Speech Perception
Lexical Neighborhood Test	85.7 (8.7)	-----	-----
Children’s Test of Nonword Repetition	43.2 (15.1)	82.9 (11.1)	13.9***
Hearing in Noise Test for Children in Quiet	93.5 (9.2)	-----	-----
Hearing in Noise Test for Children in Noise	82.0 (19.0)	-----	-----
Language
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - 4	92.0 (19.5)	116.1 (15.7)	6.3***
CELF-5 Following Directions	8.0 (3.6)	11.9 (2.7)	5.6***
Executive Functioning (Individually-Administered)
Visual Digit Span Forward	8.6 (2.5)	10.3 (1.8)	3.6***
Visual Digit Span Backward	6.2 (2.1)	7.4 (2.2)	2.5*
Letter-Number Sequencing	14.9 (4.0)	17.9 (3.4)	3.7***
Attention Sustained	11.0 (3.0)	11.8 (2.7)	1.4
Nonverbal Stroop Incongruent Correct	16.0 (5.9)	17.7 (5.3)	1.3
Executive Functioning (Parent-Report)
LEAF Attention	5.1 (4.4)	2.1 (2.6)	3.8***
LEAF Processing Speed	4.7 (3.8)	1.1 (2.4)	5.2***
LEAF Working Memory	4.9 (3.8)	1.4 (1.7)	5.5***
BRIEF-2 Inhibit	54.4 (11.1)	46.2 (5.6)	4.3***
BRIEF-2 Shift	52.3 (9.4)	48.3 (8.3)	2.1*
BRIEF-2 Working Memory	56.2 (10.6)	48.5 (8.9)	3.7***

Note: CI=cochlear implant; NH=normal-hearing. CELF=Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals; LEAF=Learning, Executive, and Attention Functioning Scale; BRIEF-2=Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. df=83 for Speech Perception, Language, and Individually-Administered Executive Functioning measures with the exception of Nonverbal Stroop (df=82); df=84 for Parent-Report measures.

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001