Table 4.
Mean score for students in each condition for each problem at pretest and posttest (N = 230; NDPI = 136, NControl = 94)
| Problem type | Pretest | Posttest | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPI | Control | DPI | Control | |
| Photographic evidence |
1.21 (0.52) (N = 135) |
1.41 (0.73) (N = 93) |
2.13 (1.34) (N = 136) |
1.09 (0.46) (N = 94) |
| Sourcing evidence |
1.27 (0.60) (N = 135) |
1.18 (0.51) (N = 92) |
1.83 (1.08) (N = 106a) |
1.27 (0.52) (N = 84a) |
| Clickbait science and medical disinformation |
1.18 (0.53) (N = 136) |
1.19 (0.65) (N = 93) |
2.15 (1.28) (N = 136) |
1.11 (0.35) (N = 92) |
| Fake news |
1.19 (0.54) (N = 135) |
1.12 (0.59) (N = 93) |
2.67 (1.34) (N = 135) |
1.13 (0.52) (N = 92) |
Scores should be interpreted on a scale of 0 = made no effort, 1 = reacted to or described original content, 2 = indicated investigative intent, but did not search laterally, 3 = conducted a lateral search using online resources but failed to correctly evaluate trustworthiness, and 4 = conducted a lateral search and correctly evaluated trustworthiness
aSmaller Ns for posttest Sourcing Evidence problem in problem set B at posttest are due to missing data or students’ responses stating that the YouTube video was unavailable